Climatology in Cold Regions

ISBN-13: 9781119702658 / Angielski / Twarda / 2023 / 300 str.

Chenghai Wang

Spis treści

List of Figures viiiList of Tables xiForeword xii1 Introduction 11.1 Scope of the Subject and Recent Highlights 11.2 Some Definitions and Terms of Reference 11.3 Characteristics of Cold Region Climatology 31.4 Classification of Cold Region Climatology 41.5 Impacts of Cold Regions on Global Climate 51.6 Contribution of Cold Regions to Energy Balance 51.7 Summary 62 Climate in Cold Regions 72.1 General Circulation 72.2 Low and High Frequency of Atmosphere Variability 82.3 Weather Systems 92.3.1 The Polar Circulation 102.3.2 Polar Vortex 102.3.3 Polar Jet 162.3.4 Polar Low 172.3.5 Blocking High 192.3.6 Polar High 202.3.7 Stratospheric Sudden Warming 212.3.8 Weather Systems on the Tibetan Plateau 252.4 Radiation 282.4.1 Surface Radiation Budget 282.4.2 Aerosol-Cloud-Radiative Effect 362.5 Precipitation and Snow 452.6 Frozen Ground 472.7 Hydrology 482.8 Winter Monsoon 493 Land-Surface Process in Cold Regions 513.1 Land-Surface Characteristics in Cold Regions 513.1.1 Overview 513.1.2 Sea-Ice Cover 583.1.3 Land-Surface Evapotranspiration 603.2 Daily and Seasonal Cycle of Freeze-Thaw in Soil 603.3 Soil Freezing-Thawing and Snow-Melting Processes and their Hydrothermal Effects 643.4 Impacts of Soil Freeze-Thaw Process and Snow Melting on Surface Diabatic Heating 674 Land-Atmospheric Interaction in Cold Region 724.1 Spring Predictability Barrier 724.2 Signal of Climate Prediction in Land Processes in Cold Regions 734.3 Improvement of Climate Prediction by Assimilating Land-Surface Signals in Cold Regions 804.4 Soil-Moisture Memory in Cold Regions 834.5 Soil-Moisture Climate Coupling in Cold Regions 854.6 Snow-Climate Coupling in Cold Regions 905 Models and Modeling in Cold Regions 915.1 Snow and Freeze-Thaw Parameterizations 915.2 Hydrothermal Coupling Scheme in Land-Surface Model 985.3 Simulation of Land-Surface Process in Cold Regions 1036 Hydrological Processes in Cold Regions 1096.1 Glacier Hydrology 1096.2 Snowmelt Runoff 1106.3 Frozen Soil and Hydrology 1156.4 River Ice and Lake-Ice Hydrology 1206.5 Sea-Ice Hydrology 1216.6 Sea Ice 1226.7 Characteristics of Sea Ice Regimes in China 1236.8 Precipitation Rates on the Tibetan Plateau 1246.9 Precipitation Recycling on the Tibetan Plateau 1337 Ecology and Vegetation in Cold Regions 1367.1 Overview 1367.2 Ecology and Vegetation Characteristics on the Tibetan Plateau 1367.2.1 Spatial Distribution of Ecology and Vegetation 1367.2.2 Vegetation Variations Respond to Climate Change 1397.3 Ecology and Vegetation Characteristics in Middle and High Latitudes 1427.3.1 Northern China 1427.3.2 Europe 1447.3.3 North America 1457.4 Ecology and Vegetation Characteristics in the Arctic Region 1468 The Carbon and Nitrogen Cycle in Cold Regions 1498.1 Carbon, Nitrogen, and Greenhouse Gases on the Tibetan Plateau 1498.2 Carbon, Nitrogen, and Greenhouse Gases at High Latitudes 1568.3 Carbon, Nitrogen, and Greenhouse Gases in the Polar Regions 1628.4 Outlook 1679 Climate Disasters in Cold Regions 1699.1 Overview 1699.2 Snowmelt Flood 1709.3 Freezing Rain 1739.4 Winter Storms 1789.5 Ice Avalanches 1839.6 Ice-Jam Floods 1879.7 Snow Avalanches 1919.8 Freezing and Thawing Damage 1929.9 What's Next 19410 Climate Changes in Cold Regions 19510.1 Climate Change in Cold Regions in the Past Decades 19510.2 Projection of Future Climate in Cold Regions 19610.2.1 Impact of Soil Moisture on Frozen Ground and its Indicators 20210.2.2 Changes in Permafrost Extent and Active Layer Thickness in the Twenty-First Century 20410.2.3 The Soil Thermal and Hydraulic Regimes in Permafrost Regions 20610.3 Changes of Related Environment Response to Climate Change in Cold Regions 20910.3.1 Changes of Hydrological Processes 20910.3.2 Changes of Ecology 21110.3.3 Changes in Disasters 21111 Challenges and Outlook 21311.1 Challenges for Future Study 21311.2 Conclusion 214Appendix 216Bibliography 219Index 269

O autorze

Chenghai Wang is a Full Professor in the School of Atmospheric Sciences at Lanzhou University, China. With more than 30 years of experience in the field of cold-region climatology, Professor Wang has published 150 papers on climate dynamics and predictions, climate modeling, monsoons, and climate change in cold and arid regions. He serves on the editorial boards of Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology and Journal of Arid Meteorology and is a member of the National Technical Committee on Climate and Climate Change and the National Technical Committee on Wind and Solar Resources in the Standardization Administration of China.