Clays in Crustal Environments: Isotope Dating and Tracing

ISBN-13: 9783642790874 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 359 str.

Norbert Clauer; Sambhu Chaudhuri

Opis

Clay minerals form in a wide variety of crustal environments, e.g. in soil profiles, in sediments at the surface and in deeply buried sedimentary deposits, and under regional, contact and hydrothermal metamorphism conditions.
The book provides information about the dynamics of isotope systems in clays and helps us to understand the physical and chemical parameters in the transfer of masses within the crustal domain. Written for graduate students taking courses in sedimentary geochemistry, clay mineralogy, and soil mineralogy, the book will also appeal to scientists carrying out research on clay genesis and mass transfer in crustal environments.

Spis treści

1 An Introduction to Clay Minerals and Isotope Geochemistry.- 1 Fundamentals of Clay Mineralogy.- 1.1 Definition.- 1.2 Basic Structural Units and Layer Types.- 1.3 Classification of Clay Minerals.- 1.4 Thermodynamic Considerations for Clay Minerals.- 1.5 Clay Separation and Characterization.- 2 Principles of Isotope Geochemistry.- 2.1 Fundamentals of Isotope Geochemistry.- 2.2 Radiogenic Isotope Geochemistry.- 2.3 Stable Isotope Geochemistry.- 3 Specific Aspects of Clay Isotope Geochemistry.- 3.1 Retentivity of Radiogenic Argon.- 3.2 Effects of Mechanical Treatments.- 3.3 Effects of Chemical Treatments.- 3.4 Significance of the Leachates.- 4 Summary.- 2 Isotope Geochemistry of Clay Minerals in Continental Weathering Environments.- 1 Clay Authigenesis in Soil Profiles.- 1.1 Isotope Redistribution in Silicate Precursors During Weathering.- 1.2 Sr Isotopic Compositions of Clay Minerals Derived from Biotite and Feldspars.- 1.3 Sr Isotopic Characteristics of Fluids in Weathering Profiles.- 1.4 A Sr Isotopic Model for Clay Authigenesis in Soil Profiles.- 1.5 Stable Isotope Geochemistry of Clay Minerals from Soil Profiles.- 1.6 Experimental Clay Authigenesis and Evaluation of Mass Transfers in Soil Profiles.- 1.7 Isotopic Dating of Clay Authigenesis in Soil Profiles.- 2 Clay Weathering and Alteration in Soils.- 3. Summary.- 3 Isotope Geochemistry of Clay Minerals in Young Continental and Oceanic Sediments.- 1 Recent Continental Erosional Debris and Clay Sediments.- 1.1 Sr Isotope Geochemistry.- 1.2 Nd Isotope Geochemistry.- 1.3 Ar Isotope Geochemistry.- 1.4 Stable Isotope Geochemistry.- 2 Terrigenous Clays in Young Ocean Basins.- 2.1 Sr Isotope Geochemistry.- 2.2 Ar Isotope Geochemistry.- 2.3 Nd Isotope Geochemistry.- 2.4 Stable Isotope Geochemistry.- 3 Authigenic Clays in Young Deep-Ocean Basins.- 3.1 Isotopic Characteristics of the Present-Day Ocean Waters.- 3.2 Clay Authigenesis and Modification at Ocean Floor Conditions.- 3.3 Evolution and Paleogeography of Deep-Sea Red Clays.- 4 Isotopic Evolution of Clays in Buried Deep-Ocean Sediments.- 4.1 Isotopic Characterization of Sediment Pore Waters.- 4.2 Isotope Composition of Clays in Shallow Buried Ocean Sediments.- 5 Summary.- 4 Isotope Geochemistry of Clays and Clay Minerals from Sedimentary Rocks.- 1 Syndepositional Evolution of Clay Minerals in Argillaceous Sedimentary Rocks.- 1.1 Analyses of Whole-Rock Samples.- 1.2 Dating Sedimentation Times by Analysis of Clay Fractions.- 2 Diagenetic Evolution of Clay Minerals in Deeply Buried Shales and Sandstones.- 2.1 Diagenetic Clay Fractions in Buried Shales.- 2.2 Diagenetic Clay Fractions in Buried Sandstones...- 2.3 Comparative Evolution of Diagenetic Clay Minerals of Buried Shale-Sandstone Associations.- 2.4 Duration of Diagenetic Illite Formation.- 2.5 Reconstruction of Thermal Histories of Sedimentary Basins.- 3 Isotopic Records of Clay Diagenesis in Formation Waters.- 4 Summary.- 5 Isotope Geochemistry of Mica-Type Minerals from Low-Temperature Metamorphic Rocks.- 1 Isotope Geochemistry of Mica-Type Minerals in Different Metamorphic Environments.- 1.1 Regional Thermal Metamorphism.- 1.2 Dynamothermal Metamorphism.- 1.3 Cataclastic Metamorphism.- 1.4 Contact Metamorphism.- 1.5 Retrograde Metamorphism.- 1.6 Multiple Metamorphism.- 2 Isotope Geochemistry of Mica-Type Minerals Related to Metamorphic Rock Lithology.- 2.1 Metapelite-Metavolcanic Association.- 2.2 Metaarkose-Slate Association.- 2.3 Coal Bed-Slate Association.- 3 Isotope Geochemistry of Mica-Type Minerals Under Hydrothermal Conditions.- 3.1 Isotopic Dating of Hydrothermal Activities.- 3.2 Indirect Isotopic Dating of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits.- 4 Summary.- 6 The Frontiers of Clay Isotope Geochemistry.- 1 Isotope Geochemistry as a Dating Tool for Clay Minerals.- 1.1 Depositional Time Indicator.- 1.2 Diagenetic Time Marker.- 1.3 Provenance Tracer.- 1.4 Isotope Dates and Particle Size.- 2 Isotope Geochemistry as a Record of the Physical and Chemical Conditions of Clay Formation.- 2.1 Isotope Geochemistry and the Process of Clay Formation.- 2.2 Isotope Geochemistry as a Record of Closed Versus Open System Behavior.- 3 Can Isotope Geochemistry Elucidate the Concept of Clay Genesis?.- References.

O autorze

Clays and clay minerals are important for the reconstruction of weathering and abrasion processes of the Earth's crust. Dating of these processes is of major interest for sedimentologists, geomorphologists and soil scientists.