Chemotherapy of Gastrointestinal Helminths

ISBN-13: 9783642695292 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 719 str.

J.H. Arundel;J.H. Boersema;C.F.A. Bruyning

Opis

Parasitic diseases are the most widespread of all the major diseases, currently 9 affecting about 3 x 10 people and innumerable domestic animals. There is no doubt that among these parasitic diseases, the helminthic infections of the gastrointestinal tract are about the most important because of their global distribution, their high prevalence, their effects on the nutritional status of men and animals, their effects on the physical and mental development of children, and their economic effects on the production of animals. Anthelmintics are important elements in the control of these gastrointestinal helminthic infections. In this volume the editors and authors have tried to find a way through the immense amount of information on anthelmintic drugs that is scattered throughout the literature. Different authors have critically examined this information from different angles. However, the aim of all has been to provide the information needed by veterinarians, physicians, and public health workers to select the most suitable drug for a given situation.

Spis treści

1 Introduction.- A. Pathogenic Mechanisms in Man.- B. Modes of Transmission.- C. Clinical Sequelae of Infection.- D. Epidemiological Considerations.- E. Chemotherapy.- F. Conclusion.- References.- 2 Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Helminths in Human Populations.- A. Introduction.- B. Epidemiological or “Mathematical” Models and Control.- C. Nematodes.- I. Angiostrongylus costaricensis.- II. Anisakis marina.- III. Ascaris lumbricoides.- IV. Capillaria philippinensis.- V. Enterobius vermicularis.- VI. Gnathostoma spinigerum.- VII. Hookworms: Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus.- VIII. Oesophagostoma spp.- IX. Strongyloides stercoralis.- X. Ternidens deminutus.- XI. Trichinella spiralis.- XII. Trichostrongylus spp.- XIII. Trichuris trichiura.- D. Trematodes.- I. Echinostoma spp.- II. Fasciolopsis buski.- III. Gastrodiscoides hominis.- IV. Heterophyes heterophyes.- V. Metagonimus yokogawai.- E. Cestodes.- I. Diphyllobothrium latum.- II. Dipylidium caninum.- III. Hymenolepis diminuta.- IV. Hymenolepis nana.- V. Taenia saginata.- VI. Taenia solium.- VII. Cysticercosis cellulosae.- References.- 3 Epidemiology and Control of Gastrointestinal Helminths in Domestic Animals.- A. Introduction.- I. Effect of Worm Infection on Production.- II. Economic Effects.- B. Spontaneous Regulation of Worm Burdens in the Host.- I. Self-cure and Protection.- II. Resistance to the Establishment of Worms.- III. The Loss of Worms.- IV. Arrested Development.- V. Stunting and Morphological Effects.- VI. Regulation of Egg Output.- VII. Effect of Parturition and Lactation on Host Resistance.- C. The Free-Living Stages.- I. Development.- II. Migration.- III. Survival.- IV. Herbage Infestations.- D. Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections.- I. Cattle.- II. Sheep.- III. Intraspecific Variation.- E. The Control of Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections of Sheep and Cattle.- I. Eradication.- II. Suppressive Dosing.- III. Monitoring and Forecasting.- IV. Control Strategies.- V. Dairy Followers.- VI. Beef.- VII. Sheep.- VIII. Integration of Sheep and Cattle Grazing.- F. Conclusions.- References.- 4 Pharmacology of Anthelmintics.- A. Introduction.- B. Albendazole.- I. Pharmacokinetics.- II. Toxicology.- III. Mode of Action.- C. Amoscanate.- I. Pharmacokinetics.- II. Toxicology.- III. Mode of Action.- D. Amidantel.- Toxicology.- E. Avermectins.- Mode of Action.- F. Bephenium Hydroxynaphthoate.- I. Pharmacokinetics.- II. Toxicology.- III. Mode of Action.- G. Bithionol.- I. Toxicology.- II. Mode of Action.- H. Bitoscanate.- I. Pharmacokinetics.- II. Toxicology.- I. Bromoxanide.- J. Brotianide.- K. Cambendazole.- I. Pharmacokinetics.- II. Toxicology.- III. Mode of Action.- L. Ciclobendazole.- I. Pharmacokinetics.- II. Toxicology.- M. Closantel.- I. Pharmacokinetics.- II. Toxicology.- III. Mode of Action.- N. Dichlorophen.- I. Toxicology.- II. Mode of Action.- O. Diphetarsone.- P. Disophenol.- I. Toxicology.- II. Mode of Action.- Q. Febantel.- I. Pharmacokinetics.- II. Toxicology.- III. Mode of Action.- R. Fenbendazole.- I. Pharmacokinetics.- II. Toxicology.- III. Mode of Action.- S. Flubendazole.- I. Pharmacokinetics.- II. Toxicology.- III. Mode of Action.- T. Levamisole and Tetramisole.- I. Pharmacokinetics.- II. Pharmacology.- III. Toxicology.- IV. Mode of Action.- U. Mebendazole.- I. Pharmacokinetics.- II. Toxicology.- III. Mode of Action.- V. Metrifonate.- I. Pharmacokinetics.- II. Toxicology.- III. Mode of Action.- W. Morantel.- I. Pharmacokinetics.- II. Toxicology.- III. Mode of Action.- X. Niclosamide.- I. Pharmacokinetics.- II. Toxicology.- III. Mode of Action.- Y. Oxantel.- Z. Oxfendazole.- I. Pharmacokinetics.- II. Toxicology.- III. Mode of Action.- AA. Oxibendazole.- I. Pharmacokinetics.- II. Toxicology.- III. Mode of Action.- BB. Parbendazole.- I. Pharmacokinetics.- II. Toxicology.- III. Mode of Action.- CC. Paromomycin.- DD. Piperazine.- I. Pharmacokinetics.- II. Toxicology.- III. Mode of Action.- EE. Praziquantel.- I. Pharmacokinetics.- II. Toxicology.- III. Mode of Action.- FF. Pyrantel.- I. Pharmacology.- II. Toxicology.- III. Mode of Action.- GG. Pyrvinium Pamoate.- HH. Rafoxanide.- I. Toxicology.- II. Mode of Action.- II. Tetrachloroethylene.- JJ. Tiabendazole.- I. Pharmacokinetics.- II. Toxicology.- III. Mode of Action.- KK. Thiophanate.- I. Pharmacokinetics.- II. Toxicology.- References.- 5 Chemotherapy of Gastrointestinal Nematodiasis in Man.- A. Introduction.- The Methodology of Drug Trials.- B. Ancylostomiasis.- I. Introduction.- II. Drugs.- III. Drug Combinations.- IV. General Comments.- C. Anisakiasis.- D. Ascariasis.- I. Introduction.- II. Drugs.- III. Drug Combinations.- E. Enterobiasis.- I. Introduction.- II. Drugs.- III. Drug Combinations.- IV. Comments.- F. Gnathostomiasis.- I. Introduction.- II. Drugs.- G. Intestinal Angiostrongyliasis.- I. Introduction.- II. Drugs.- III. Angiostrongyliasis.- H. Intestinal Capillariasis.- I. Introduction.- II. Drugs.- III. General Comments.- J. Oesophagostomiasis.- I. Introduction.- II. Drugs.- K. Strongyloidiasis.- I. Introduction.- II. Drugs.- III. Drug Combinations.- L. Ternidens or False Hookworm Infection.- I. Introduction.- II. Drugs.- III. Comments.- M. Trichinosis.- I. Introduction.- II. Drugs.- III. Comments.- N. Trichostrongyliasis.- I. Introduction.- II. Drugs.- O. Trichuriasis.- I. Introduction.- II. Drugs.- III. Drug Combinations.- References.- 6 Chemotherapy of Gastrointestinal Nematodiasis in Ruminants.- A. Introduction.- B. Factors and Circumstances Influencing the Choice of Anthelmintic.- I. Diagnosis.- II. Toxicity at the Therapeutic Dose and Drug Interactions.- III. Formulation.- IV. Presence of Inhibited Larvae.- V. Ovicidal Effect.- VI. Resistance.- C. The Anthelmintics.- I. Phenothiazine.- II. Bephenium.- III. Organic Phosphorus Compounds.- IV. Metyridine.- V. Nitrophenols.- VI. Benzimidazoles.- VII. Salicyclanilides.- VIII. Tetrahydropyrimidines.- IX. Imidazothiazoles.- X. Probenzimidazoles.- XI. Avermectins.- References.- 7 Chemotherapy of Gastrointestinal Nematodiasis in Equines.- A. Introduction.- B. Strongylidae.- I. Epidemiology.- II. Prevention and Treatment.- III. Drug Resistance.- C. Other Important Nematodes.- D. Anthelmintics.- I. Phenothiazine.- II. Piperazine.- III. Organophosphates.- IV. Tetrahydropyrimidines.- V. Imidazothiazoles.- VI. Benzimidazoles.- VII. Benzimidazole Carbamates.- VIII. Febantel.- IX. Avermectins.- E. Conclusions.- References.- 8 Chemotherapy of Gastrointestinal Nematodiasis in Pigs.- A. Introduction.- B. Pig Nematodes.- I. Ascaris suum.- II. Strongyloides ransomi.- III. Hyostrongylus rubidus.- IV. Oesophagostomum dentatum, O. quadrispinulatum.- V. Trichuris suis.- VI. Spiruroidea.- VII. Trichinella spiralis.- C. Pen Hygiene and Pasture Management.- D. Herd Deworming.- E. Anthelmintics.- I. Piperazines.- II. Organophosphates.- III. Tetrahydropyrimidines.- IV. Imidazothiazoles.- V. Benzimidazoles.- VI. Benzimidazole Carbamates.- VII. Probenzimidazoles.- VIII. Avermectins.- References.- 9 Chemotherapy of Gastrointestinal Nematodiasis in Carnivores.- A. Introduction.- B. Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dogs and Cats.- I. Ascarids.- II. Hookworms.- III. Whipworms.- C. Prevention and Treatment.- D. Older and Superseded Anthelmintics.- I. Piperazine.- II. Diethylcarbamazine.- III. Methylbenzene.- IV. Dithiazanine.- V. Disophenol.- VI. Thenium.- VII. Metyridine.- VIII. Nitrodan.- E. Organophosphates.- Dichlorvos.- F. Tetrahydropyrimidines.- Pyrantel, Morantel.- G. Imidazothiazoles.- Tetramisole, Levamisole.- H. Nitroscanate.- J. Benzimidazoles.- I. Tiabendazole.- II. Mebendazole.- III. Fenbendazole.- IV. Albendazole.- K. Avermectins.- L. Ticarbodine.- M. Tioxidazole.- N. Conclusions.- References.- 10 Chemotherapy of Gastrointestinal Nematodiasis in Birds.- A. Introduction.- B. Nematodes in Domestic Birds.- I. Ascaridia.- II. Heterakis.- III. Capillaria.- IV. Amidostonum.- C. General Remarks.- D. The Anthelmintics.- I. Phenothiazine.- II. Piperazine.- III. Metyridine.- IV. Organic Phosphorus Compounds.- V. Nitrophenols.- VI. Benzimidazoles.- VII. Tetrahydropyrimidines.- VIII. Imidazothiazoles.- IX. Probenzimidazoles.- X. Avermectins.- References.- 11 Chemotherapy of Intestinal Trematodiasis in Mammals and Birds.- A. Introduction.- B. Intestinal Trematodes of Mammals.- I. Ruminants.- II. Equines.- III. Pigs.- IV. Dogs.- V. Other Carnivores.- VI. Elephants.- C. Intestinal Trematodes of Birds.- D. Chemotherapeutic Agents.- I. Halogenated Hydrocarbons.- II. Salicylanilides and Substitutet Phenols.- III. Other Chemotherapeutic Agents.- References.- 12 Chemotherapy of Intestinal Trematodiasis in Man.- A. Introduction.- B. Fasciolopsiasis.- I. Introduction.- II. Morphology.- III. Life Cycle.- IV. Pathology.- V. Diagnosis.- VI. Treatment.- VII. Socioeconomic, Ecological, and Cultural Aspects.- C. Heterophyidiasis.- I. Introduction.- II. Morphology.- III. Life Cycle.- IV. Pathology.- V. Diagnosis.- VI. Treatment.- VII. Socioeconomic, Ecological, and Cultural Aspects.- D. Echinostomatidiasis.- I. Introduction.- II. Morphology.- III. Life Cycle.- IV. Pathology.- V. Diagnosis.- VI. Treatment.- VII. Socioeconomic, Ecological, and Cultural Aspects.- E. Gastrodisciasis.- I. Introduction.- II. Morphology.- III. Life Cycle.- IV. Pathology.- V. Diagnosis.- VI. Treatment.- VII. Socioeconomic, Ecological, and Cultural Aspects.- F. Lecithodendriidiasis.- I. Introduction.- II. Morphology.- III. Life Cycle.- IV. Pathology.- V. Diagnosis.- VI. Treatment.- VII. Socioeconomic, Ecological, and Cultural Aspects.- G. Other Human Intestinal Trematodiasis.- H. Comment.- References.- 13 Chemotherapy of Tapeworm Infections in Animals.- A. Introduction.- B. Cestodes of Veterinary Importance.- I. Order Pseudophyllidea.- II. Order Cyclophyllidea.- C. Chemotherapeutic Agents.- I. Arecoline.- II. Dichlorophen.- III. Di-n-Butyl Tin Dilaurate.- IV. Niclosamide.- V. Bunamidine.- VI. Nitroscanate.- VII. Praziquantel.- VIII. Benzimidazoles.- IX. Antibiotics.- X. Diuredosan.- XI. Fospirate.- XII. Other Compounds.- D. Recommended Treatments for Cestode Infections.- References.- 14 Chemotherapy of Tapeworm Infections in Man.- A. Introduction.- B. General Features of Human Cestode Infections.- C. Niclosamide.- Results in Clinical Trials — Adult Cestode Infections.- D. Mebendazole.- Results in Clinical Trials.- E. Praziquantel.- Results in Clinical Trials.- F. Summary.- References.- 15 Mass Treatment.- A. Introduction.- I. Standpoints and Prejudices.- II. Pathogenicity.- B. Epidemiology.- C. A Mass Treatment Campaign.- I. Definition.- II. Organization.- III. Preliminary Survey.- IV. Preplanning Stage.- V. Planning Stage.- VI. Execution Stage.- D. Alternative Control Measures.- E. Conclusion.- Appendix A: Questionnaire.- Appendix B: Stool Examination.- Appendix C: Clinical Examination.- Appendix D: Instructions for the File.- References.- List of International Nonproprietary United States Adopted and Trade Names of Some Anthelmintics.