Cerebellar Cortex: Cytology and Organization

ISBN-13: 9783642655838 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 350 str.

S. L. Palay; V. Chan-Palay

Opis

The origins of this book go back to the first electron microscopic studies of the central nervous system. The cerebellar cortex was from the first an object of close study in the electron microscope, repeating in modern cytology and neuroanatomy the role it had in the hands of RAMON y CAJAL at the end of the nineteenth century. The senior author vividly remembers a day early in 1953 when GEORGE PALADE, with whom he was then working, showed him an electron micrograph of a cerebellar glomerulus, saying "That is what the synapse should look like. " It is true that the tissue was swollen and the mitochondria were exploded, but all of the essentials of synaptic structure were visible. At that time small fragments of tissue, fixed by immersion in osmium tetroxide and embedded in methacrylate, were laboriously sectioned with glass knives without any predetermined orientation and then examined in the electron microscope. After much searching, favorably preserved areas' were studied at the cytological level in order to recognize the parts of neurons and characterize them. Such procedures, dependent upon random sections and uncontrollable selection by a highly erratic technique of preservation, precluded any systematic investigation of the organization of a particular nucleus or region of the central nervous system. It was difficult enough to distinguish neurons from the neuroglia.

Spis treści

I. Introduction.- 1. A New Morphology.- 2. The Fiber Connections of the Cerebellar Cortex.- 3. The Design of the Cerebellar Cortex.- II. The Purkinje Cell.- 1. A Little History.- 2. The Soma of the Purkinje Cell.- 3. The Nucleus.- a) The Chromatin.- b) The Nucleolus.- 4. The Perikaryon of the Purkinje Cell.- a) The Nissl Substance.- b) The Agranular Reticulum.- c) The Hypolemmal Cisterna.- d) The Golgi Apparatus.- e) Lysosomes.- f) Mitochondria.- g) Microtubules and Neurofilaments.- 5. The Dendrites of the Purkinje Cell.- a) The Form of the Dendritic Arborization.- b) Dendritic Thorns.- High Voltage Electron Microscopy of Dendritic Thorns.- c) The Fine Structure of Dendrites and Thorns.- 6. The Purkinje Cell Axon.- a) The Initial Segment.- b) The Recurrent Collaterals.- c) The Terminal Formations of the Collaterals.- Synaptic Relations of the Recurrent Collaterals.- Purkinje Cell Axon Terminals in the Central Nuclei.- 7. The Neuroglial Sheath.- 8. Some Physiological Considerations.- 9. Summary of Intracortical Synaptic Connections of Purkinje Cells.- III. Granule Cells.- 1. The Granule Cell in the Optical Microscope.- a) Some Numerical Considerations.- 2. The Granule Cell in the Electron Microscope.- a) The Nucleus.- b) The Perikaryon.- c) The Dendrites of Granule Cells.- d) The Ascending Axons of Granule Cells.- e) Ectopic Granule Cells.- f) Parallel Fibers.- 3. Summary of Synaptic Connections of Granule Cells.- IV. The Golgi Cells.- 1. A Little History.- 2. The Large Golgi Cell.- a) The Form of the Large Golgi Cell.- b) The Fine Structure of Large Golgi Cells.- The Perikaryon of Large Golgi Cells.- The Dendrites of Large Golgi Cells.- The Axonal Plexus of the Goigi Cell.- 3. The Small Goigi Cell.- a) The Fine Structure of Small Goigi Cells.- b) The Synapse en marron.- c) The Dendrites and Axons.- 4. Summary of Synaptic Connections of Golgi Cells.- V. The Lugaro Cell.- 1. A Little History.- 2. The Lugaro Cell in the Light Microscope.- 3. Fine Structure of the Lugaro Cel.- 4. Summary of Synaptic Connections of Lugaro Cells.- VI. The Mossy Fibers.- 1. A Little History.- 2. The Mossy Fiber in the Light Microscope.- 3. The Glomerulus.- a) The History of a Concept.- b) The Fine Structure of the Glomerulus.- The Form of the Mossy Fiber Terminal.- The Core of the Mossy Fiber.- The Synaptic Vesicles.- The Granule Cell Dendrites.- The Golgi Cell Axonal Plexus.- The Protoplasmic Islet.- 4. The Identification of Different Kinds of Mossy Fibers.- 5. Summary of Intracortical Synaptic Connections of Mossy Fibers.- VII. The Basket Cell.- 1. A Little History.- 2. The Form of the Basket Cell and Its Processes.- a) The Dendrites.- b) The Axon and Its Collaterals.- 3. The Fine Structure of the Basket Cell.- a) The Perikaryon.- b) The Dendrites.- c) The Axon.- The Pericellular Basket.- The Pinceau.- The Neuroglial Sheath.- 213.- 4. Summary of Synaptic Connections of Basket Cells.- VIII. The Stellate Cell.- 1. A Little History.- 2. The Stellate Cell in the Light Microscope.- a) The Superficial Short Axon Cell.- b) The Deeper Long Axon Stellate Cell.- c) The Difference between Stellate and Basket Cells.- 3. The Fine Structure of the Stellate Cell.- a) The Cell Body.- The Cytoplasm.- b) The Dendrites.- c) The Axon.- 4. Some Physiological Considerations.- 5. Summary of Synaptic Connections of Stellate Cells.- IX. Functional Architectonics without Numbers.- 1. The Uses of Inhibition.- a) Basket Cells.- b) Stellate Cells.- c) Golgi Cells.- d) Purkinje Cells.- 2. The Shapes of Synaptic Vesicles.- 3. A Hitherto Unrecognized Fiber System.- 4. The Inhibitory Transmitter.- X. The Climbing Fiber.- 1. A Little History.- 2. The Climbing Fiber in the Optical Microscope.- a) The Immature Climbing Fiber Plexus.- 3. The Climbing Fiber in the Electron Microscope.- a) The Terminal Arborization in the Molecular Layer.- The Functional Significance of the Climbing Fiber Arborization.- The Advantages of Thorn Synapses.- Relationships with Basket and Stellate Cells.- b) The Climbing Fiber and Its Collaterals in the Granular Layer.- The Climbing Fiber Glomerulus.- The Climbing Fiber Synapse en marron.- The Tendril Collaterals in the Granular Layer.- c) The Fine Structure of Climbing Fiber Terminals and Their Synaptic Junction.- 4. The Connections of the Climbing Fiber.- 5. Some Functional Correlations.- 6. Summary of Intracortical Synaptic Connections of Climbing Fibers.- XI. The Neuroglial Cells of the Cerebellar Cortex.- 1. The Golgi Epithelial Cells.- a) A Little History.- b) The Golgi Epithelial Cell in the Optical Microscope.- c) The Golgi Epithelial Cell in the Electron Microscope.- The Perikaryal Processes.- The Bergmann Fibers.- The Subpial Terminals.- 2. The Velate Protoplasmic Astrocyte.- 3. The Smooth Protoplasmic Astrocyte.- 4. The Oligodendrogliocyte.- 5. The Microglia.- 6. Functional Correlations.- XII. Methods.- 1. Electron Microscopy.- a) Equipment for Perfusion of Adult Rats.- b) The Perfusion Procedure.- c) Equipment for the Dissection of Rat Brains for Electron Microscopy.- d) The Dissection Procedure.- e) The Postfixation of Tissue Slabs.- f) In-Block Staining, Dehydration, and Embedding.- g) Solutions and Other Formulas.- h) The Cutting of 1 urn Semithin Sections of Epon-Embedded Cerebellum.- i) Thin Sectioning.- j) The Staining of Thin Sections on Grids.- k) Electron Microscopy.- 2. The Golgi Methods.- a) Introduction.- b) Perfusion Solutions — Freshly Prepared.- c) Procedures for the Golgi Methods.- d) Dehydration and Infiltration of Slabs of Golgi-Impregnated Tissue for Embedding in Nitrocellulose.- 3. High Voltage Electron Microscopy.- a) Embedding and Sectioning of Golgi Material.- b) Counterstaining.- 4. Electron Microscopy of Freeze-Fractured Material.- References.