Cell to Cell Signals in Plants and Animals: Progress Report

ISBN-13: 9783642764721 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 385 str.

Volker Neuhoff; John Friend

Opis

Summarizing research progress achieved in 32 areas of cell biology covered in this series, this volume places special emphasis on the following topics: recognition in parasitic and symbiotic systems - the molecular biology and genetics of susceptibility and resistance of plants and animals to pathogens, parasites and symbionts - the cell to cell recognition and differentiation - the most challenging problems in developmental biology of plants and animals - the plasticity in cell to cell communication which plays a major role in cell differentiation and function.

Spis treści

Recognition in Parasitic and Symbiontic Systems.- Phytotoxins and Plant Pathogenesis.- Genetics.- — Toxins in relation to plant resistance; evolution of pathogens.- — Structure and mode of action.- — Applications.- Conclusions.- Recent Advances in Plant-Microbe Interactions.- Interactions between plants and microbes: Background information.- Signals in the interaction of Rhizobium and leguminous plants.- — Chemotaxis.- — Attachment.- — Activation of nodulation genes.- — Inhibition of nod gene activation.- — nod gene products.- — Infection thread formation.- — Release of bacteria from the infection thread.- — Bacteroid development.- — Effective nitrogen fixation.- — Induction of nodulins.- Plant Pathogens.- Plant defence mechanisms.- Hypersensitive reaction (HR).- Elicitors of plant responses.- Elicitor signal perception and transduction to plant gene response.- Concluding Remarks.- Signalling Between Plants and Viruses.- Virus host range and transmission.- — Host range.- — Transmission.- Infection, Replication and spread.- — Initiation of infection.- — Replication of the viral genome.- — Virus movement.- Pathogenesis and symptom formation.- — Control of plant growth.- — Formation of symptoms.- Resistance of virulence.- Exploiting mis-signalling in crop protection.- Recognition and Cell Signals in Mutualistic Symbioses.- Mutualistic symbiosis: Basic biology and conceptual framework.- Functional morphology of cell-cell interactions in mutualistic symbiosis.- — Absence of cytopathological symptoms.- — Presence of complex interfaces.- Stimuli, cues and signals in symbiotic cell to cell interactions.- Conclusions.- Cell to Cell Recognition and Differentiation.- Parallels in Cell to Cell Communication in Plants and Animals.- Cell interactions in plant tissues.- — Structure of plasmodesmata.- — Plasmodesmatal formation.- — Plasmodesmatal distribution and frequency.- — Plasmodesmata in development.- — Biophysical investigations on plasmodesmata.- — Molecular size exclusion limits.- — Regulation of plasmodesmatal permeability.- — Plasmodesmatal-virus interactions.- Cell interactions in animal tissues.- — Structure of gap junctions.- — Control of junctional communication.- — Gap junctions and cellular differentiation.- Conclusions.- Mechanism of Fertilization: Plants to Humans.- Introductory Remarks.- Surface Receptors and Sperm-egg interaction.- — Plants.- — Invertebrates.- — Mammals.- Mechanism of egg activation.- — Electrical Events.- — Soluble sperm factors vs receptors and G-proteins.- — When does sperm-egg fusion occur?.- — Polyspermy prevention.- Cytoplasmic segregation in the zygote.- — The role of intracellular Ca.- Signals for Cell Separation in Plants Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.- Detection and Coding of Chemical Signals: A Comparison Between Artificial and Biological Systems.- Olfactory receptor neuroses.- Chemosensitive sensor elements.- — Chemometric thermal sensors.- — Chemoelectronic sensors.- — Chemosensitive mass sensor.- — Other types of chemical sensors (including optical).- — Comparison between artificial and biological sensing elements.- Sensor signal processing I: Olfactory Bulb.- Processing of sensor signals II:.- — Pattern recognition and artificial networks.- — Classification by parametric techniques.- — Classification by non-parametric techniques.- — Artificial neural networks.- Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Erythropoietin and Erythropoiesis — From 1986 to.- Keywords.- Erythropoietic organization.- The biochemistry and molecular biology of erythropoietin.- Erythropoietin as atherapeutic agent.- Erythropoietin assay.- The erythropoietin receptor.- Competition for stem cell receptors and commitment to a cell lineage.- The site of action of erythropoietin.- The site of erythropoietin production.- — The renal source.- — The extrarenal source.- Oxygen sensing and erythropoietin production.- Questions for the future.- Cellular and Molecular Basis of Synaptic Transmission.- Evolution of nervous systems and of neuronal signalling.- — The most sophisticated form of chemical signalling.- — Diversity and consensus.- Structural basis of synaptic transmission.- — Variations of a theme.- — Still many unknowns.- Storage organelles for neurotransmitters and neurohormones.- — Life cycle: from where the vesicle comes and where it goes.- — Two or more types of vesicles and the consequences.- — Biochemical properties: diversity and homology.- — Primary structures and the search for a function.- The concept of cotransmission.- — The neuron speaks with many tongues.- — How can it all be understood?.- — Differential elimination of the chemical signal.- Presynaptic ion channels.- — Neuronal versus presynaptic channels.- — Multiplicity of types and functions.- — A superfamily, which one was the first?.- Mechanism of transmitter release.- — Long debated, the cellular source of transmitter release.- — Structural and physiological diversity of the releasing axon segment.- — The big challenge, the molecular cascade underlying exocytosis.- — Modulatory mechanisms become overwhelming.- Neurotransmitter receptors.- — It all falls into shape.- — Ligand gating, fast and successful.- — A family of channels meets a family of G protein.- — More receptors — more principal receptor types?.- — The hen or the egg?.- Cellular and Molecular Biology of Myelination.- Steps in glial cell differentiation and myelinogenesis.- Signal transduction and regulatory events in myelin-forming cells.- Demyelination, remyelination and glial cell transplantation.- Transfected cells as a tool in myelin research.- Phylogenetic aspects of myelination.- Components and structures of myelin.- Molecular biology of genes coding for myelin proteins.- Plasticity in Cell to Cell Communication.- Exploring Natures Roulette Wheel: Chaos in Biological Systems.- Biochemical systems and models.- Cellular systems and models.- Cellular networks.- Population dynamics.- Detecting and quantifying chaos.- Towards spatio-temporal irregularity and patterning.- Phytochrome Properties and Biological Action.- — Aims of this chapter.- — Photomorphogenesis.- — Phytochrome.- Phytochrome characterisation.- — Phytochrome genes.- — Properties of the Protein.- — Types of phytochrome.- — Phytochrome synthesis and destruction.- — Chromophore biosynthesis and holoprotein assembly.- Signal Transduction.- — Differences between Pr and Pfr.- — Phytochrome and membranes.- — Phytochrome as an enzyme.- Phytochrome and gene expression.- — Phytochrome autoregulation.- — Other photoregulated genes.- Genetic approaches to phytochrome action.- — Photoreceptor mutants.- — Transgenic plants.- Conclusions.- Modulation of Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity in Nervous Systems.- Gangliosides and Modulation of Neuronal Functions.- Results.- Fundamentals for research on the function of gangliosides.- Brain gangliosides.- — Pathways for de novo biosynthesis of gangliosides.- — Neuronal transport of gangliosides.- — Pathway of ganglioside degradation.- Cell specific distribution and differentiation-related expression of brain.- — Phytogenetic aspects.- — Ontogenetic aspects.- — Neurological abnormalities of brain gangliosides.- — Monoclonal antibodies against gangliosides.- Gangliosides and neuronal plasticity.- Biomedical potential of exogenous ganglioside application on neuronal function.- — Animal studies with exogenous ganglioside applications.- — Clinical aspects of ganglioside therapy.- — Future perspectives.- Regulatory Mechanisms of Neuron to Vessel Communication in the Brain.- Anatomical versus biochemical blood brain barrier.- Metabolic regulation of the BBB.- Neuronal metabolism and cerebral blood flow.- Neuron-vessel-glia communication: regulation of neuronal microenvironment.- Some aspects of brain capillary endothelium in pathology.- The Aging Brain.- Morphology of the aging brain.- Biochemistry of the aging brain.- Calcium homeostasis.- Neurotransmitter changes in the aging brain.- Neuroendocrine aspects of aging.- Brain metabolism and protein synthesis in aging.- Neuronal plasticity in the aging brain.- General considerations: from physiological to pathological aging.- Pathology of the aging brain.- — Alzheimer’s disease.- — Parkinson’s disease.- Molecular Action of Steroids and Growth Factors in Human Breast Tumour Cells.- Clinical background.- The role of E2 in the proliferation of human breast cancer cells.- The role of polypeptide growth factors in the proliferation of breast cancer cells.- — Estromedins.- — 52K and pS2 protein.- — Insulin-like growth factors.- — Transforming growth factor a and epidermal growth factor.- — Transforming growth factor ?.- — Platelet-derived growth factor.- — Fibroblast growth factor.- The role of oncogenes in the proliferation of breast cancer cells.- Mechanism of grows stimulation of hormone-dependent breast cancer cells by.- — The role of polypeptide growth factors.- — The role of nuclear proto-oncogenes.- The loss of hormone-dependence in breast cancer cells.- — The role of polypeptide growth factors.- — The role oncogenes.- Conclusions.- Plasticity, Recognition and Differentiation in Cellular Systems.- Theoretical Models for Cell to Cell Signalling.- From nerve cells to neutral networks.- Morphogenesis and development.- Cell to cell signals in immunology.- Hormonal signalling: The reproductive system.- Signal transduction based on intracellular calcium oscillations.- Intercellular communication in dictyostelium.- Signal propagation in the heart.- Conclusions and perspectives.- Plant Hormone Receptors.- Auxins.- — Membrane-bound auxin receptors.- — Soluble auxin receptors.- NPA receptors.- Fusicoccin.- Ethylene.- Gibberellins, cytokinins and abscisic acid.- Transduction systems.- Movements and Morphogenetic Changes in Response to Signal Reception in Higher Plants.- Recent advances in analysis of stimulated leaf movements.- — signal reception.- — signal transduction.- — signal transmission.- — response.- New development in other fields.- Conclusions.- The Neuronal Nicotinic Receptor Family.- Muscle and neuronal nicotinic receptors.- Molecular structure of neuronal nicotinic receptors:.- — nAChRs.- — B-nAChRs.- — Insect nicotinic receptor.- — aBgtxRs.- Distribution of nicotinic receptors in the nervous system.- Subcellular localization.- In vitro and in vivo regulation of neuronal nicotinic receptors.- Function of neuronal nicotinic receptors.- Role of nicotinic receptors in aging and pathology.- Conclusions.- Glial-Neuronal Communication in Development and Regeneration.- Glial Cells: Precursors, subtypes and invertebrate glia.- Receptors, antigens, recognitions and adhesion molecules expressed by glial/ neuronal cells during ontogenesis.- Influence on glial/neuronal cells by hormones and gangliosides-trophic factors and informational substances.- Glial-neuronal interactions.- Myelination-Remyelination.- Repair mechanisms during neuronal regeneration.- Amino Acid Availability and Brain Function in Health and Disease.- A stimulating concept: attractive simplicity.- The turning point: unexpected complexity.- A fading concept: approaching reality.