C4-Hydrocarbons and Derivatives: Resources, Production, Marketing

ISBN-13: 9783642738609 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 239 str.

Joachim Schulze; Malte Homann; Michael R. F. Ashworth

Opis

The book treats the C -hydrocarbons and their secondary products as a contribution 4 to chemical engineering economics, applying this field of teaching and research to the technical processes for making and processing this group of products, so important to the chemical industry. As early as tpe 1950s the then director of the Institute for Technical Chemistry of the Berlin Technical University, Professor Herbert Kolbel, took the' initiative in the domain of Chemical Engineering Economics and began systematic studies of Project Engineering and Cost Estimation in connection with chemical plants. He also started a course on technical chemical processes in 1966. Properties, production procedures, plant equipment, and also the uses of technically interesting products are the central features of Chemical Technology. The information is to be found in the large encyclopedias of Technical Chemistry. On the other hand, Chemical Engineering Economics deals with all the economic conditions of usage of the raw materials, possibilities of utilizing co-products, and the integration of these products into definite production programmes, from the stand point of the chemical and technical fundamentals of the processes. Further important viewpoints are the costs of the products, taking into consideration important and variable influences on these costs, the situation and development of the market for the products and, of increasing significance, also the ecological global conditions for procuring raw materials and the production and marketing of the particular products."

Spis treści

1 Fundamentals of C4-Hydrocarbons.- 1.1 Nomenclature and Chemical Structure of the C4-Hydrocarbons.- 1.2 Definition of the C4-Cut from Steam Crackers and Its Raffinates.- 1.3 Terms for the C4-Hydrocarbon Streams Within the Refinery.- 1.4 Product Specifications.- 2 Production Scheme for C4-Hydrocarbons.- 2.1 Methods for Establishing the Production Scheme.- 2.2 Production of C4-Hydrocarbons.- 2.2.1 C4-Hydrocarbons from Natural Sources.- 2.2.2 C4-Hydrocarbons from Refinery Gases.- 2.2.3 C4-Cut as Co-product of Ethylene Production.- 2.2.4 C4-Hydrocarbons Through Synthesis.- 2.2.4.1 Petrochemical Syntheses.- 2.2.4.2 Syntheses Based on Coal.- 2.2.4.3 Biotechnological Syntheses.- 2.3 Production of C4-Aldehydes and Alcohols.- 2.3.1 Butanals.- 2.3.2 Butanols.- 2.3.3 Butanediols.- 3 Processes of Separation and Transformation in C4-Chemistry.- 3.1 Separation of the C4-Cut and C4-Gases from Refineries.- 3.1.1 Separation Processes for Obtaining Butadiene.- 3.1.2 Separation Processes for Obtaining Butenes.- 3.1.2.1 Survey.- 3.1.2.2 Sulfuric Acid Processes.- 3.1.2.3 Molecular Sieve Processes.- 3.1.2.4 Other Processes.- 3.2 Processes of Butane Conversion.- 3.2.1 Isomerisation.- 3.2.2 Dehydrogenation.- 3.2.3 Oxidation.- 3.2.4 Alkylation.- 3.2.5 Chlorination.- 3.2.6 Cyclisation.- 3.2.7 Other Applications.- 3.3 Processes of Butene Conversion.- 3.3.1 Components of Gasoline Fuels.- 3.3.1.1 Polymer Gasoline.- 3.3.1.2 Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE).- 3.3.2 Chemical Secondary Products from Raffinate I.- 3.3.2.1 Polybutene.- 3.3.2.2 Di-and Tri-i-butenes.- 3.3.2.3 Propene.- 3.3.2.4 Specialities.- 3.3.3 Chemical Secondary Products from Raffinate II.- 3.3.3.1 Oligomers of n-Butenes.- 3.3.3.2 Butadiene.- 3.3.3.3 Methyl Ethyl Ketone.- 3.3.3.4 Maleic Anhydride.- 3.3.3.5 Acetic Acid.- 3.3.3.6 Specialities.- 3.3.4 Chemical Secondary Products from Pure i-Butene.- 3.3.4.1 Poly-i-butene.- 3.3.4.2 Butyl Rubber.- 3.3.4.3 Methacryl Compounds.- 3.3.4.4 Isoprene.- 3.3.4.5 Specialities.- 3.3.5 Chemical Secondary Products from Pure n-Butenes.- 3.3.5.1 Poly-1-butene.- 3.3.5.2 HDPE-Comonomer and LLDPE.- 3.3.5.3 1,2-Butene Oxide.- 3.4 Processes of Butadiene Conversion.- 3.4.1 Butadiene Polymers and Copolymers.- 3.4.1.1 Polybutadiene.- 3.4.1.2 Polychloroprene.- 3.4.1.3 Styrene-butadiene Rubber.- 3.4.1.4 Nitrile Rubber.- 3.4.1.5 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene Polymers.- 3.4.1.6 Ethylene-propene-diene Polymers.- 3.4.1.7 Rubber and Latex Specialities Containing Butadiene.- 3.4.2 Styrene.- 3.4.3 Polyamides.- 3.4.4 1,4-Butanediol and Derivatives.- 3.4.5 Anthraquinone.- 3.4.6 Sulfolane.- 3.4.7 Other Butadiene Specialities.- 4 Processing Scheme for C4-Hydrocarbons.- 4.1 Method of Ascertaining the Processing Scheme.- 4.2 Analysis of the Processing Scheme for Butane Secondary Products..- 4.2.1 Butane Derivatives Processing Scheme.- 4.2.2 Production Amounts of Butane Secondary Products.- 4.2.3 Specific Butane Consumption Coefficients for the Secondary Products.- 4.2.4 Processing Scheme for Butanes.- 4.3 Analysis of the Processing Scheme for Butene Secondary Products..- 4.3.1 Butene Derivatives Processing Scheme.- 4.3.2 Production Amounts of Butene Secondary Products.- 4.3.3 Specific Butene Consumption Coefficients for the Secondary Products.- 4.3.4 Processing Scheme for Butenes.- 4.4 Analysis of the Processing Scheme for Butadiene Secondary Products.- 4.4.1 Butadiene Derivatives Processing Scheme.- 4.4.2 Production Amounts of Butadiene Secondary Products.- 4.4.3 Specific Butadiene Consumption Coefficients for the Secondary Products.- 4.4.4 Processing Scheme for Butadiene.- 5 Competition Factors of the C4-Hydrocarbons.- 5.1 Macroeconomic Competition Factors.- 5.1.1 Competition Criteria of Products in the Application Hierarchy.- 5.1.2 Limiting Factors of Trading.- 5.1.3 Threshold Effects of Market Changes.- 5.2 Microeconomic Factors of Competition.- 5.2.1 Competition Factors Related to Products and Suppliers.- 5.2.2 Criteria of Quality as Factors in Competition.- 5.2.2.1 Classification of Product Properties According to the Application Hierarchy.- 5.2.2.2 Economic and Metaeconomic Criteria for Quality.- 5.2.2.3 Property Standards of Products.- 5.2.3 Prices as Factors of Competition.- 5.2.3.1 Prices After Fulfilment of Standards of Minimum Properties.- 5.2.3.2 Economically Calculable Application Properties of a Product as Price Parameter.- 5.2.3.3 Price Evaluation of the Metaeconomic Benefits of Use.- 5.2.4 Quantity as a Factor in Competition.- 5.3 Costs as a Basis of Price Competitiveness of a Product.- 5.3.1 Cost Reduction via Increased Sales.- 5.3.1.1 Lowering the Procurement Costs.- 5.3.1.2 Lowering the Production Costs.- 5.3.1.3 Lowering Marketing Costs.- 5.3.1.4 Recovery of R and D Costs.- 5.3.2 Lowering Costs by Utilization of Technological Progress.- 5.3.2.1 Cost Reduction by Routine Work and Automatization.- 5.3.2.2 Cost Reduction by Process Changes.- 5.3.2.3 Cost Advantages Through Production Integration.- 5.3.2.4 Cost Increases or Decreases Through Co-products.- 5.3.3 Full Costs as Price Parameters.- 5.3.3.1 Problems of Evaluating Full Costs of Co-products.- 5.3.3.2 Company-Related Interpretations of Full Costs for Co-products....- 5.3.3.3 Intercompany Transfer Prices.- 5.3.4 Methods of Cost Estimation.- 5.3.4.1 Estimation of Production Costs.- 5.3.4.2 Forecasting Costs.- 5.3.4.3 Forecasting the Resource Costs of the Products.- 5.3.4.4 Forecasts of Costs on the Basis of Energy and Crude Oil Equivalents.- 6 Analyses of Competition of C4-Chemical Products.- 6.1 Prospects for C4-Technologies in the Field of Gasoline Components for Increasing Octane Numbers.- 6.1.1 The Need for High-Octane Components.- 6.1.2 Material Balance in Optimising the Octane Number.- 6.1.3 Technical Alternatives in Production of Gasoline of High Octane Number.- 6.1.3.1 Survey.- 6.1.3.2 Direct Blending of Refinery B-B.- 6.1.3.3 Conversion of Refinery B-B into Liquid Components.- 6.1.4 Comparison of Quantities.- 6.1.5 Comparison of Costs.- 6.1.5.1 Production Costs for Alkylate Gasoline.- 6.1.5.2 Production Costs for Polymer Gasoline.- 6.1.5.3 Production Costs for MTBE.- 6.1.5.4 Production Costs for TBA.- 6.1.5.5 Production Costs for MTBE and TBA from Butanes.- 6.1.5.6 Production Costs for SBA.- 6.1.6 Evaluation of Profit for High-Octane Components.- 6.1.6.1 Comparison of Properties.- 6.1.6.2 Comparison of Profitability.- 6.1.7 Market Development for Oxygenates.- 6.2 Prospects for C4-Technologies in the Plastics Field.- 6.2.1 C4-Products in the Plastics Field.- 6.2.2 Costs of Obtaining Pure C4-Base Chemicals.- 6.2.2.1 Production of Pure i-Butene.- 6.2.2.2 Production of Pure 1-Butene.- 6.2.2.3 Production of Pure Butadiene.- 6.2.3 Butane Secondary Products in the Plastics Field.- 6.2.3.1 Maleic Anhydride and Fumaric Acid.- 6.2.3.2 Other Secondary Products.- 6.2.4 Butene Secondary Products in the Plastics Field.- 6.2.4.1 Methyl Methacrylate.- 6.2.4.2 Poly-i-butene.- 6.2.4.3 Poly-l-butene.- 6.2.4.4 Processing of Other Polyolefines by Use of 1-Butene as Comonomer.- 7 Summary.- References.- Company Index.