Section I: Preoperative Brain Mapping Features Part 1: Brain Anatomy and Pathology 1 The Early History of Intraoperative Brain Mapping 2 Anatomy of Eloquent Cortical Brain Regions 3 Anatomy of Eloquent White Matter Tracts Part 2: Preoperative Mapping Adjuncts 4 Direct Functional Mapping Using Radiographic Methods (fMRI and DTI) 5 Indirect Functional Mapping Using Radiographic Methods 6 Neurophysiology of Identifying Eloquent Regions 7 Extraoperative Mapping for Epilepsy Surgery: Epilepsy Monitoring, Wada, and Electrocorticography 8 Neuropsychologist's Role in the Management of Brain Tumor Patients Section II: Intraoperative Brain Mapping Part 1: Awake 9 Awake Craniotomy Operating Room Setup and Surgical Instruments 10 Anesthetic Considerations for Intraoperative Cerebral Brain Mapping 11 Speech Mapping 12 Motor Mapping (Rolandic, Pre-Rolandic, and Insular Cortex) 13 Awake Subcortical Mapping of the Ventral and Dorsal Streams for Language 14 Surgery Around the Command and Control Axis: The Default Mode, Control, and Frontal Aslant Systems 15 Mapping and Surgery of Insular Tumors 16 Mapping of the Visual Pathway 17 Seizure Mapping Surgery Part 2: Asleep 18 Asleep Motor Mapping 19 Brainstem and Spinal Cord Mapping Section III: Postoperative Brain Mapping for Recovery of Function 20 Importance of Rehabilitation after Eloquent Brain Surgery 21 Emergence of Deep Learning Methods for Deep Brain Stimulation Evoked Functional Connectomics 22 Neuroplasticity and Rewiring of the Brain 23 Radiating in Eloquent Regions