Brain Function and Oscillations: Volume I: Brain Oscillations. Principles and Approaches

ISBN-13: 9783642721946 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 363 str.

Erol Ba Ar

Opis

by W. J. Freeman These two volumes on "Brain Oscillations" appear at a most opportune time. As the "Decade of the Brain" draws to its close, brain science is coming to terms with its ultimate problem: understanding the mechanisms by which the immense number of neurons in the human brain interact to produce the higher cognitive functions. The ideas, concepts, methods, interpretations and examples, which are presented here in voluminous detail by a world-class authority in electrophysiology, summarize the intellectual equipment that will be required to construct satisfactory solutions to the problem. Neuroscience is ripe for change. The last revolution of ideas took place in the middle of the century now ending, when the field took a sharp turn into a novel direction. During the preceding five decades the prevailing view, carried forward from the 19th century, was that neurons are the carriers of nerve energy, either in chemical or electrical forms (Freeman, 1995). That point of view was enormously productive in terms of coming to understand the chemical basis for synaptic transmission, the electrochemistry of the ac- tion potential, the ionic mechanisms of membrane currents and gates, the functional neuroanatomy that underlies the hierarchy of reflexes, and the neural fields and'their resonances that support Gestalt phenomena. No bet- ter testimony can be given of the power of the applications of this approach than to point out that it provides the scientific basis for contemporary neu- rology, neuropsychiatry, and brain imaging.

Recenzje

From the reviews
"These books are very-well written and provide a strong background for explaining neural oscillations ... We strongly believe that the contents of these two volumes will be very useful for those neurophysiologists, biomedical engineers, clinical researchers, physicians, and graduate students who are working in all areas of brain research." (M. Akay & P. Bonetto, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, 1999)

"This book contains a wealth of new experimental findings, techniques for analysis and theoretical conceptions. Anyone interested in brain oscillations and cortical information processing in general will enjoy reading this book." (W. Klimesch, Trends in Cognitive Science, 1999)

"One's response to this pair of volumes will inevitably depend of what kind of explanation one finds 'satisfying' .... Nevertheless, this is a landmark publication which may have an inspirational effect on other workers on the field." (S. Jones, Clinical Neurophysiology, 1999)

Spis treści

0. Prologue.- I. Foundations.- 1. Brain Dynamics and Brain Codes.- 1.1 Oscillations as Brain Codes.- 1.2 Resonance Phenomena.- 1.3 Global Brain Dynamics — Our Goal: A “Cloudy Description”.- 1.3.1 Statistical Mechanics in Biology and Physics.- 2. Electrical Signals from the Brain.- 2.1 The Brain and Neurons.- 2.1.1 The Neuron Doctrine.- 2.1.2 The Organization of the Neuron.- 2.1.3 The Resting Membrane Potential.- 2.1.4 The Action Potential.- 2.1.5 Postsynaptic Potentials.- 2.2 Principles of Neural Operation.- 2.3 Recording and Classification at the Neuronal Level.- 2.3.1 Extracellular Recording.- 2.3.2 Intracellular Recording.- 2.3.3 A Brief Classification of Nerve Cell Membrane Potentials.- 2.3.4 Definition of the Poststimulus Time Histogram.- 2.4 Electrical Activity of Neural Populations.- 2.4.1 Spontaneous Electrical Activity of the Brain.- 2.4.2 Stereo-EEG (SEEG).- 2.4.3 Evoked Potentials of the Brain.- 2.4.4 Evoked Potentials Are Descriptively Useful as Signs of Dynamics Constituting a Useful Window (Bullock’s View).- 2.4.5 Analysis of Single EEG—EP Epochs.- 3. The Brain: Sensory and Cognitive Pathways.- 3.1 Sensory-Cognitive Systems Are Organized in a Hierarchical and Parallel Fashion.- 3.1.1 Convergence and Divergence.- 3.1.2 Parallel Processing.- 3.2 Functional Neuroanatomy of the Auditory Pathway.- 3.2.1 Remarks about Variability in the Human Auditory Areas.- 3.3 Anatomy and Physiology of the Visual Pathway.- 3.4 Thalamic Organization and Cortico-Thalamic Circuits and Global Function of the Thalamus.- 3.5 Cerebral Cortex: Anatomy and Global function.- 3.5.1 Distributed Cortical Systems.- 3.5.2 Association Cortex and Frontal Lobe.- 3.6 Hippocampus: A Supramodal Polysensory System.- 3.6.1 Anatomical Description: Hippocampus and Limbic System.- 3.6.2 A Brief Review of the Function of the Hippocampus.- 3.6.3 Electrophysiology of the Hippocampus.- 3.6.4 Types of Hippocampal Theta Rhythm.- 3.6.5 Output of the Hippocampal Formation.- 3.6.6 Brainstem Modulation of the Hippocampus.- 3.7 Reticular Formation.- 3.7.1 Anatomy.- 3.7.2 Global function.- 3.7.3 Is the Reticular Formation a Polysensory High Command Structure?.- 4. Brain Dynamics Research Program.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The Concept “System”.- 4.2.1 State of a System.- 4.2.2 The “Black Box” and the “White Box”.- 4.2.3 The Concept of the “Gray Box”.- 4.2.4 The “Black Box” and “Gray Box”: Approaches to Exploring Brain function.- 4.3 Abstract Methods for Brain System Analysis.- 4.3.1 Abstract Methods for Brain State Analysis.- 4.3.2 Abstract Methods of General Systems Theory.- 4.3.3 New Methods for Studying Oscillatory Brain Potentials.- 4.4 Specific Methods for Analysis of Living Systems.- 4.4.1 Application of Pharmacological Agents.- 4.4.2 Partial Injury of the System.- 4.4.3 Reduction of the System to Its Passive Response.- 4.5 Methods of Thought, or Research Principles.- 4.5.1 Going into the System.- 4.5.2 Going out of the System.- 5. Wavelet Analysis of Brain Waves.- 5.1 Utility and Main Advantages of the Wavelet Method.- 5.2 Description of the Method.- 5.2.1 Spline Basis Functions.- 5.2.2 Discrete B-Splines.- 5.2.3 Spline Wavelet Transform.- 5.3 Results of Wavelet Analysis of EPs.- 5.3.1 Typical Animal.- 5.3.2 Wavelet Analysis of Single Trials.- 5.4 Interpretation of Wavelet Analysis.- 5.5 Role of Wavelet Transform Methods in the Analysis of Functional ERP Components.- 5.6 Selectively Distributed Oscillatory Systems in the Brain.- 6. Phase Locking of Oscillatory Responses: An Informative Approach for Studying Evoked Brain Activity.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Phase-Locked and Non-Phase-Locked Activity.- 6.3 Phase-Locked Activity in the Averaged EPs.- 6.4 Method.- 6.4.1 Identification of Phase Relationships in Single Sweeps.- 6.4.2 Stability of Phase Locking.- 6.4.3 Quantitative Assessment of Phase Locking.- 7. Resonance Phenomena in the Brain, Physical Systems, and Nature.- 7.1 What Is Resonance?.- 7.2 Pioneer Experiments on EEG Brain Resonance Phenomena.- 7.2.1 Visual Cortex, Light Stimulation.- 7.2.2 Auditory Cortex, Acoustical Stimulation.- 7.3 The Transfer Function Reflects the Behavior of Resonant Single Epochs.- 7.4 Multiple Resonances in Different EEG Frequency Bands.- 7.5 Resonance in Technical Systems.- 7.6 Resonance in the Brain as a Modern View.- II. Renaissance of the EEG and Oscillations.- 8. Event-Related Oscillations in the Brain.- 8.1 Induced Rhythms: A Widespread, Heterogeneous Class of Oscillations.- 8.2 Induced Rhythms: The View of Bullock.- 8.3 Pioneering Studies on Induced Rhythms.- 8.4 Event-Related Oscillations and Induced Rhythms as Important Leitmotifs in this Book.- 9. Correlation Between Unit Activity and Activity of Neural Populations.- 9.1 Around 10 Hz: Oscillation in Neural Response Following Light Stimulation.- 9.2 Experiments on the Cat Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (Alpha and Beta Responses).- 9.3 The View of Verzeano.- 9.4 The Gamma Band.- 9.5 The 10 Hz and 6 Hz States at the Membrane Level: The View of Llinás.- 9.6 Intrinsic 10 Hz Oscillations of Neocortex Generated by Layer 5 Pyramidal Neurons.- 9.7 The Most Recent Developments.- 10. Chaos in Brain Function.- 10.1 Deterministic Chaos.- 10.1.1 Chaos in Everyday Experience.- 10.2 The EEG has Strange Attractors: The EEG is not Noise.- 10.2.1 Some Preliminary Remarks on the Nonlinear Approach to EEG and Brain function.- 10.3 New Types of Expressions.- 10.4 Correlation Dimension.- 10.4.1 Computation of the Correlation Dimension.- 10.5 Typical Examples of Chaotic Behavior of EEG.- 10.5.1 Results During Slow-Wave Sleep: Cat Cortex, Hippocampus.- 10.5.2 Very High Frequency Behavior of the Cat’s Cerebellar Cortex and Brainstem.- 10.5.3 Hippocampal Theta Activity: Transitions.- 10.5.4 Correlation Dimension of Alpha Activity: Brain Alpha Attractor.- 10.5.5 An Overview of EEG Investigations by Means of the Correlation Dimension: A Limited State of the Art.- 10.6 Lyapunov Exponents.- 10.6.1 Calculating Lyapunov Exponents: The Wolf Method.- 10.7 Lyapunov Exponents Applied to Brain Activity.- 10.7.1 Epilepsy.- 10.7.2 Sleep.- 10.7.3 Other Studies.- 10.8 Words of Caution and Remarks Concerning Future Research.- III. Resonance as the Basic Mechanism of Oscillatory Responses.- 11. Brain Synergetics: Frequency Locking of EEG: Order Out of Chaos.- 11.1 Evoked Frequency Locking.- 11.1.1 Frequency Domain Comparison of EEG and EP.- 11.1.2 Frequency Locking in the Reticular Formation and Inferior Colliculus During the Waking Stage.- 11.1.3 Frequency Locking in the Alpha Band in the Auditory Cortex.- 11.2 What Does “Evoked Frequency Locking” Add to Our Knowledge? Further Demonstration of the Important Relation Between EEG and EPs.- 11.2.1 Remarks on the Methodology.- 11.2.2 The Frequency Stabilization Factor.- 11.3 Sensory-Induced Frequency Locking.- 11.4 Working Hypothesis on the Relation Between EPs and the EEG.- 11.5 Synergetics and Laser Theory.- 11.6 The New EP Concept: Contribution of Different EP Components to the Original Averaged EP.- 12. Major Operating Rhythms (MOR) Control the Shape and Time Course of Evoked Potentials.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 A New Approach: An Algorithm for Selective Averaging.- 12.3 Dependence of EP Amplitudes and Waveforms on the Prestimulus EEG. I. Vertex Recordings.- 12.3.1 Auditory Evoked Potentials.- 12.3.2 Visual Evoked Potentials.- 12.4 Dependence of EP Amplitudes and Waveforms on the Prestimulus EEG. II. Frontal Visual Evoked Potentials.- 12.5 Discussion.- 12.5.1 Inverse Relation Between EEG and Visual EP May Lead to a New Standardization in EP Measurements.- 12.5.2 Comments on Experimental Design.- 12.5.3 Frequency Content of EPs from Different Locations: Major Operating Rhythms (MORs).- 12.5.4 MOR of Occiput and Central Region (Vertex).- 12.5.5 Comparison with Results of Other Laboratories on EEG and EP/ERP Relationships.- 12.5.6 Functional Significance of the EEG—EP Interrelation.- 12.6 Conclusion.- 13. Oscillatory Brain Responses: Changes with Development and Aging.- 13.1 The Aim of the Chapter.- 13.2 Methodological Remarks.- 13.2.1 Analysis of Single-Sweep Amplitude and Enhancement.- 13.2.2 Analysis of Single-Sweep Phase-Locking.- 13.2.3 Statistical Analysis.- 13.3 Spontaneous and Evoked Alpha Activity at Occipital Sites in Three Age Groups.- 13.4 A Comparative Analysis of Frontal Versus Occipital 10 Hz Activity in Young and Middle-Aged Adults.- 13.5 Single-Sweep Analysis of Visual EPs in Young and Middle-Aged Adults.- 13.6 The Age-Related Changes in the Alpha Activity of the Brain.- 13.7 Alpha Response System and Frontal Lobe Functioning in Aging.- 14. Brain Response Susceptibility.- 14.1 Excitability of the Brain: Spontaneous EEG Rhythms and Evoked Responses.- 14.2 Brain Response Susceptibility.- 14.2.1 EEG in Children Might Provide a Useful Natural Model for Testing the Hypothesis for Brain Response Susceptibility.- 14.2.2 Aging- and Topology-Related Changes in Alpha Activity and Brain Response Susceptibility.- 14.2.3 Sleep vs. Vigilance Differences as a Model for Brain Response Susceptibility.- 14.2.4 Pharmacological and Pathological Modulation of Response Susceptibility.- 14.3 Internal Evoked Potentials.- 14.4 Is the Alpha Activity a Control Parameter for Brain Responses?.- 14.4.1 Models of Alpha Generators.- 14.4.2 Alpha Frequency as a Brain Code.- 14.4.3 A New Insight into the Age-Related Changes in the Alpha Activity of the Brain.- 15. The Evoked Potential Manifests a Superposition of Event-Related Oscillations.- 15.1 The Human Evoked Response Contains Multiple Oscillatory Responses.- 15.1.1 Two Types of Response Oscillations: Superposition Principle of Various EP Components in the Human Brain.- 15.2 P300 Response Manifests Superposition of Frequency Responses: Delta Response can be Isolated.- 15.2.1 Single-Trial ERP Analysis.- 15.3 P300-like Responses to NON-TARGET Stimuli.- 15.3.1 Benefits of the Delta Response Metric.- 16. Multiple Sclerosis: Break of the Alpha Response.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Visual Stimulation: Results.- 16.2.1 Visual EPs: Component Analysis by Means of Amplitude—Frequency Characteristics (Single Subjects and Mean Values); Statistical Evaluation.- 16.2.2 Visual EPs: Component Analysis by Means of Digital Filtering.- 16.3 Discussion of Results upon Light Stimuli.- 16.3.1 Functional Interpretation of Topographic Differences of Evoked Oscillations in Cross-Modality Experiments and Functional Deficits in MS.- 16.4 Responses to Auditory Stimulation: Rationale, Results, and Comparison to Visual Stimulation.- 16.4.1 Auditory EPs: Component Analysis by Means of Digital Filtering.- 16.4.2 Responses to Auditory Stimulation in Relation to Responses to Visual Stimulation.- 16.5 Alpha Responses in Multiple Sclerosis: A Pathophysiological Investigation in the Framework of Brain Dynamics Concepts.- 17. Brain Feynman Diagrams.- 17.1 Brain State Matrix: A Proposal to Approach Brain Function by Using EEG—EP Feynman Diagrams.- 17.2 Major Operating Rhythms (MORs) are to be Considered in Building Feynman Diagrams.- 18. Oscillatory Components of Evoked Potentials are Real Brain Responses Related to Function.- 18.1 Evoked Potentials are Ensembles of Brain Event-Related Oscillations in the Alpha, Theta, Delta, and Gamma Ranges.- 18.1.1 Justification for the Component Analysis of Evoked Potentials by Means of Digital Filtering.- 18.1.2 Frequency Analysis of Evoked Potentials Gives a “Cloudy Idea” in the Sense of Quantum Physics.- 18.1.3 Real Oscillatory Responses are Manifested Only in Major and Dominant Changes in the Oscillatory Responses.- 18.2 The Alpha Response in Cross-Modality Measurements.- 18.2.1 Intracranial EEG—EP Measurements in Cats (Auditory and Visual Cortex).- 18.2.2 Alpha Responses in Human EEG and MEG in Cross-Modality Experiments.- 18.2.3 Break of the Alpha Response in Multiple Sclerosis Patients in Light of Cross-Modality Experiments.- 18.2.4 Summary: Oscillatory Responses in Cross-Modality Experiments.- 18.3 Hippocampal Alpha Responses as Real Brain Oscillatory Responses.- 18.4 “Pure” Theta Responses.- 18.5 Delta Response: Examples from Experiments with “Cognitive” Paradigms.- 18.6 Application of Pharmacological Agents.- 18.7 EP Recordings in Children.- 18.8 Hippocampal EPs: Related to Measurements at the Cellular Level and Significant for the Question of Volume Conduction.- 18.8.1 Hippocampal EPs in Comparison to Measurements at the Cellular Level.- 18.8.2 Hippocampal EPs and the Question of Volume Conduction.- 18.8.3 Summary Concerning Hippocampal EPs.- 18.9 Wavelet Analysis.- 18.9.1 10 Hz Frequency Range.- 18.9.2 Delta Frequency Range: P300.- 18.10 Defined Brain States Show Oscillatory Behavior Without Filtering.- 18.11 Frequency Components of Evoked Potentials: Not Harmonics but Real Brain Responses.- 19. Conclusion.- Toward a Theory of Brain Oscillations.- References.- Author-Index.

Blurb

This book establishes a brain theory based on neural oscillations with a temporal relation to a well-defined event. New findings about oscillations at the cellular level show striking parallels with EEG and MEG measurements. The authors embrace both the level of single neurons and that of the brain as a whole, showing how this approach advances our knowledge about the functional significance of the brain's electrical activity. They are related to sensory and cognitive tasks, leading towards an "integrative neurophysiology". The book will appeal to scientists and graduate students.
This two-volume treatise has the special features that:
- powerful mathematical algorithms are used;
- concepts of synergetics, synchronization of cell assemblies provide a new theory of evoked potentials;
- the EEG frequencies are considered as a type of alphabet of brain function;
- based on the results described, brain oscillations are correlated with multiple functions, including sensory registration, perception, movement and cognitive processes related to attention,learning and memory;
- the superposition principle of event-related oscillations and brain Feynmann diagrams are introduced as metaphors from quantum theory.