Bone Tumors in Domestic Animals: Comparative Clinical Pathology

ISBN-13: 9783030902094 / Angielski / Twarda / 2021 / 212 str.

Leonardo Leonardi

Opis

This book comparatively examines the etiopathogenetic, clinical-pathological, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies of the main bone tumors of domestic animals. The book also includes a description of the most significant aspects of macroscopic, microscopic, immunohistochemical, instrumental, diagnostic imaging and molecular biology aspects of spontaneous bone tumors in Veterinary Medicine, with also interspecies comparative aspects, including the human one. Last but not least, the book provides an overview of the new diagnostic and therapeutic frontiers related to the approach to animal bone tumors.The book serves as essential reading for professionals, researchers and students who work or want to tackle three paths in the field of comparative veterinary bone oncology. 

Spis treści

Contents

Preface

CHAPTER 1: OUTLINE OF ANATOMY/PHYSIOLOGY OF SKELETAL TISSUES

1.         Structure and Physiology of Skeletal Tissue

1.1         Bone tissue 1.2         Bone cells 1.3         Bone tissue organization 1.4         Normal bone development 1.5         Types of skeletal tissues 1.6         Bone and cartilage as skeletal tissues 1.7         Functions of bone in the skeleton 1.8         Origin and dynamic functions of the skeleton and their origins 1.9         Ultrastructure of cells of the skeleton 1.10     Cells of skeleton derived from neural crest 1.11     Fibroblasts, fibrocytes and myofibroblasts in the skeleton 1.12     Monocytes, macrophages and histiocytes 1.13     Chondroblasts and chondrocytes 1.14      Osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts 1.15      Smooth muscle cells 1.16     Striated skeletal muscle cells 1.17     Lipoblasts and lypocytes 1.18     Angioblasts, vascular endothelium, pericites

1.19  Synovium

1.20  Mast Cells

1.21  Cells of neural crest origin

 

CHAPTER 2: TUMORS OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

2.1 Terminology

2.2 Abnormal growths discussed vs skeletal tumors

2.3 Benign vs malignant bone tumors

2.4 Cellular features: metaplasia and anaplasia

2.5 Tumor progression: last phase in tumor development

2.6 Predisposing conditions and genetic predisposition

2.7 Tumor site of origin defines tumor categories for osteosarcoma:

2.7.1 Periosteal origin: Periosteal, Parosteal and Surface osteosarcomas

2.7.2 Medullary origin: Intramedullary (syn, Intracortical)

                   2.8 Introduction to tumors of bone

                   2.9 WHO classification scheme for domestic animal bone tumors

                   2.10 Tumors of bone in animals: categories, frequency and clinical behavior

                   2.11 Benign tumors of bone

                        2.11.a.  Osteoma: Clinical, radiographic, CT, MRI, and microscopic features

                        2.11.b.  Osteoblastoma: Uncommon but features are described

                        2.11.c.  Myxoma of jaw: Uncommon; clinical and histologic features are

                                     described

                        2.11.d.  Osteochondroma: Growth plate dysplasia; structural features are

                                     described

                        2.11.e.  Feline osteochondromatosis: C-retroviral periosteal progressive

                                     growth

                        2.11.f.  Chondroma of bone: Periosteal nodule with clinical & structural

                                     features

                        2.11.g.  Hemangioma of bone: Medullary vascular lesion with features

                                     described

                        2.11.h. Table comparing features of selected benign and malignant tumors

 

                   2.12 Malignant tumors of bone

                        2.12.a. Historical discussion: Spectrum of premalignant lesions, invasive but                                      non metastatic tumors, low-grade to highly malignant bone tumors

                        2.12.b. Barriers to tumor expansion; tumor locations in a bone

                        2.12.c. Osteosarcoma: Definition and pathogenesis

                            2.12.c.1.  Central (syn. medullary, conventional and classic osteosarcoma):

                                    Ultrastructure, staging, grading, genetic biomolecular information.                          Diagnostic features described for each example

                                    Poorly differentiated

                                    Osteoblastic: nonproductive and productive

                                    Chondroblastic

                                    Fibroblastic

                                    Telangiectatic

                                    Giant cell type

                            2.12.c.2   Periosteal origin: Periosteal, Parosteal and Surface osteosarcomas

                                    Etiology, radiographic, gross and histopathologic features described

                                    Parosteal osteosarcoma is tumor arising on a bone surface, i.e., a                                         juxtacortical osteosarcoma

                        2.12.d. Chondrosarcoma: Clinical, radiographic, gross, microscopic and

                                   immunohistochemical staining features and a differential diagnosis are                                presented

                                    Table compares: Low, intermediate and high-grade features

                                    Flow diagram of malignant change from MSC to chondrosarcoma

                        2.12.e. Fibrosarcoma: Clinical, gross, radiographic, microscopic findings and                                            differential diagnosis are presented.

                                    List of 8 key diagnostic microscopic features for malignancy

2.12.f. Hemangiosarcoma: Clinical, gross, radiographic, microscopic findings        and differential diagnosis are presented

                        2.12.g. Giant cell tumor of bone: Clinical, gross, radiographic, microscopic

                                   findings and differential diagnosis are presented

                                    List of 8 key diagnostic microscopic features for malignancy

                        2.12.h. Multilobular tumor of bone               

2.12.i.  Synovial sarcoma

                        2.12.j.  Liposarcoma

                        2.12.k. Malignant mesenchymoma

2.13     OTHERS UNCOMMON BONE TUMORS

2.13.1 Myxosarcoma

2.14 Tumors of bone marrow

2.14.1 Myeloma and multiple myeloma

2.14.2 Lymphoma

 

3.         TUMOR-LIKE LESIONS OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

            3.1 Fibrous dysplasia

            3.2 Solitary bone cyst: Clinical, gross, microscopic findings and differential diagnosis       are presented

            3.3 Juxtacortical bone cyst: Lesions in animals are compared to those in man.

            3.4 Epidermoid cyst of the phalanx: clinical, gross, microscopic findings and                                 differential diagnosis are presented

            3.5 Myositis ossificans: This is a benign lesion that arises in the fascial planes of               muscle likely from mesenchymal stem cells provoked by trauma. It has                              characteristic tri-layer histologic features. Clinical, gross and histopathologic                     features are presented.

            3.6 Villonodular synovitis of joints

 

4.         GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT BONE TUMORS:

            4.1 Primitive tumor index: T-index

            4.2 Distant metastasis: M-index

            4.3 Histologic grade: G-index

            4.4 Staging index: I-III with substages and Table for man (Enneking, 1983)

4.5 Specimen selection, processing and histologic methods for evaluating bone

specimens

CHAPTER 5:  Appendix: Manual for histological preparation and examination of tissues containing bone and cartilage:

            5.1 Importance of history, clinical findings, imaging interpretation from clinical                radiographs, angiography, nuclear bone scan, CT, MRI, ultrasound, needle                     aspiration and cytology, trochar biopsy, excisional biopsy, fixation,                            decalcification, embedment, sectioning, selection of histologic stains and                           immunohistochemical stains

            5.2 Histologic examination while considering prior clinical and imaging                             information in making a diagnosis.

6.         References:1-630

7.         Acknowledgements

O autorze

Dr. Leonardi's research is mainly focused on the study of spontaneous bone tumors and skeletal diseases in domestic animals. After years of morphological and immunohistochemical investigations in different types of primary bone tumors such as osteosarcoma and giant cell tumor of bone, the Dr. Leonardi is currently working on the biomolecular and comparative genetic characterization of animal and human spontaneous osteosarcomas.