Biotech Challenges

ISBN-13: 9783031382369 / Angielski / Twarda / 2024 / 157 str.

Catherine Regnault-Roger

Spis treści

Preface Jean-Yves Le Déaut.- Introduction.- First part - Biotechnologies: landmarks and regulatory issues.- Chapter 1 - Biotechnologies: timeless, essential, and ubiquitous.- A broad definition.- Extensive fields of application.- The rise of biotechnology through genetic engineering.- Chapter 2 - Genomic modification, the very essence of biological life.- Incessant modifications of the genome in nature.- Mutagenesis and transgenesis, spontaneous phenomena.- Gene transfer between species.- Genomic selection in agriculture: a very ancient practice.- Conclusion.- Chapter 3 - Evolution of Genome Editing Techniques.- First-generation biotechnology.- Second-generation biotechnology.- Conclusion.- Chapter 4 - At the heart of a societal controversy.- When “crazy soy” meets Greenpeace (1996).- Tribulations of GMO maize crops in France (2007-2014).- A long list of European renunciations.- “Hidden GMOs”.- Conclusion.- Chapter 5 - GMOs: a regulatory concept.- Asilomar.- GMOs: a regulatory concept that differs depending on the country.- Disagreement between regulatory concept and scientific definition.- Conclusion.- Chapter 6 - Is the European regulation on GMOs still justified?.- Regulation, innovation, and the precautionary principle.- European regulations on GMOs.- Onerous and discouraging UE regulation.- UE regulation still relevant?.- Conclusion.- Chapter 7 - What regulation for NGT in the EU?.- The judgment of the EUCJ: context and consequences.- Opening a public debate in the EU.- Conclusion.- Chapter 8 - What regulations for NGT elsewhere in the world?.- American continent.- Asian Continent and Pacific Zone.- Other continents.- Conclusion.- Part two - GMOs in the world.- Chapter 9 - GMOs: medical and animal applications.- Laboratory animals to better understand and fight diseases.- Therapeutic advances.- Improving human nutrition.- Animal applications.- Conclusion.- Chapter 10 - Plant GMOs: agricultural applications.- First transgenic plants.- Characteristics of cultivated transgenic plants.- What are the cultivated transgenic plants?.- What need do these biotech crops meet?.- Respecting good agricultural practices to prevent foreseeable risks.- Is the coexistence of biotech and organic agriculture possible?.- Chapter 11 - Cultivated GMOs: what geopolitical perspective in 2023?.- First-generation agricultural GMOs: a rapid expansion.- What cultures develop?.- A Divided World.- A technology adopted by developing countries and poor farmers.- Commercialization today under the aegis of international consortia.- What to remember from 25 years of GMO crops?.- Conclusion.- Third part - New genomic techniques (NGT)What prospects? What issues?.- Chapter 12 - NGT: at the R&D stage.- Numerous R&D projects.- Patents mainly in the United States and China.- Chapter 13 - Second-generation medical biotechnologies: great hopes.- Therapeutic hopes.- Ongoing developments in medical research.- Two countries dominate.- Globalized, partnership-based medical research.- Conclusion.- Chapter 14 - NGT and animal applications.- Laboratory models.- Veterinary Medicine.- Animal wellbeing.- Livestock performance for food production.- And Europe?.- Conclusion.- Chapter 15 - Second-generation agricultural plant biotechnologies: state of the art.- Dynamism of research in plant breeding.- Global research.- Location by continent.- NGT agricultural plants in perspective.- Appendix: micro-organisms.- Conclusion.- General conclusion - The European Union at the crossroads of biotechnological paths.- Biotechnological innovation, an issue for agri-food and pharmaceutical sovereignty.- At the heart of scientific and academic reflection.- Worldwide recognition

O autorze

Graduated of Faculty of Pharmacy (René Descartes University-Paris V, now University of Paris), PhD in Natural Sciences from Pierre and Marie Curie University-Paris VI, now Paris Sorbonne, she has had an academic career in France (University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, CNAM Paris and University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour [UPPA]) and abroad (French cooperation at the University of Constantine in Algeria and at the Faculty of Pharmacy and Dentistry of Monastir in Tunisia), beginning from assistant professor to reach exceptional class professor. She is now professor emeritus at the University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour (E2S). She has created several university degrees at the UPPA, at the Master's level in biotechnology and plant bioprotection, at the second cycle level to encourage student mobility abroad (university degree in “International Studies”) or in companies (degree University “Applied Science and Technology Training”). In terms of research, her works are recognized in the field of the bioprotection of agrosystems and the environment through a chemical ecology approach and the sanitary quality of crops (mycotoxins) ; then for transdisciplinary research on biotechnology, biocontrol and agricultural revolutions. She has served on numerous university committees, from the National Council of Universities (2003-2013), the Territorial Biological Monitoring Committee (2010-2015) of the Ministry of Agriculture and the National Commission for Engineering and Expertise (CGRA1) of the Institute for Research and Development (IRD) (2003-2007) as Vice-President in both bodies. Member of the Scientific Committee of the Haut Conseil des Biotechnologies for its entire duration (2009-2021) as an expert in ecotoxicology and regulatory issues on the post-marketing surveillance of transgenic crops, she is also a member emeritus of the National Academy of Pharmacy (Environmental Health section) and full member of the French Academy of Agriculture in which, after having been secretary of the Plant Production section, she is the director for the Academy's Books Committee and also director of the collection “Academies d'agriculture de France” published by Presses des Mines. She is also a member of the Editorial Board of Phytoma - la Santé du Végetal (Groupe de la France Agricole). She has written and coordinated several scientific reference works (in French, English, Spanish) which have been distinguished, as well as book chapters and numerous scientific and technical articles. The French Plant Protection Association (now Végéphyl) awarded her its Medal of Excellence in 2015. She is also a Knight in the Order of the French Legion of Honor and an Officer in the French Order of Agricultural Merit.

Blurb

This book is a translation of an original French edition. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence. A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation.

The evolution of genome’s modification by genetic engineering was characterized by a major technological breakthrough with the discovery of CRISPR in 2012. A distinction is now made between first-generation biotechnologies developed in the 20th century and current second-generation biotechnologies, NGT or New Genomic Techniques, including genome editing. How do we consider these genomic modifications compared to those that occur spontaneously in nature? What are the applications of these techniques in the fields of plants, animals, and human health? What prospects in terms of development and independence for countries and at least what regulations are in force on the different continents?

The book questions what GMOs are, genome editing products and the place of genomic transformations today and tomorrow in our societies. It tries to give some geostrategic and regulatory benchmarks on biotech products in order to better understand the current issues.