Biostatistics for Radiologists: Planning, Performing, and Writing a Radiologic Study

ISBN-13: 9788847011328 / Angielski / Miękka / 2008 / 231 str.

Francesco Sardanelli; Giovanni Di Leo

Opis

The aim of this book is to present statistical problems and methods in a friendly way to radiologists, emphasizing statistical issues and methods most frequently used in radiological studies (e.g., nonparametric tests, analysis of intra- and interobserver reproducibility, comparison of sensitivity and specificity among different imaging modality, difference between clinical and screening application of diagnostic tests, ect.). The tests will be presented starting from a radiological "problem" and all examples of statistical methods applications will be "radiological."

Recenzje

Aus den Rezensionen:

"... Das Buch eignet sich nicht nur als Grundlage für Assistenzärzte und wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiter, sondern auch für Fachärzte und erfahrene Forschungsgruppenleiter in der Radiologie, die ihr statistisches Verständnis vertiefen möchten ... kurz gefasst und überaus gut strukturiert Jede erläuterte statistische Methode wird an klassischen Beispielen aus radiologischen Studien verdeutlicht ... dem Leser helfen, kleinere statistische Tests selbst durchzuführen und es ihm erleichtern, bei schwereren Fragen mit dem Statistiker zu kommunizieren." (Dr. med. Peter Bannas, in: Die Hellsten Köpfe für die Radiologie hellste-koepfe.de, August 2011)

Spis treści

Introduction

1 Diagnostic Performance.- 1.1. The Results of an Examination Compared to a Reference Standard.- 1.2 Measures of Diagnostic Performance.- 1.3 Sensitivity, Specificity, FN Rate and FP Rate.- 1.4 Predictive Values, Diagnostic Accuracy, and Disease Prevalence.- 1.5 Bayes’ Theorem, Likelihood Ratios, and Graphs of Conditional Probability.- 1.6 Cutoff and ROC Curves

2 Variables and Measurement Scales, Normal Distribution, and Confidence Intervals.- 2.1 Variables and Measurement Scales.- 2.1.1 Categorical Variables.- 2.1.2 Discrete Numerical Variables.- 2.1.3 Continuous Numerical Variables.- 2.1.4 Measurement Scales.- 2.2 Gaussian Distribution.- 2.3 Basics of Descriptive Statistics.- 2.3.1 Measures of Central Tendency.- 2.3.2 Data Spread about the Measurement of Central Tendency: Variance and Standard Deviation.- 2.4 Standard Error of the Mean.- 2.5 Standard Error of the Difference between two Sample Means.- 2.5.1 Paired Data.- 2.6 Confidence Intervals.- 2.7 Confidence Interval of a Proportion

3 Null Hypothesis, Statistical Significance and Power.- 3.1 Null hypothesis and Principle of Falsification.- 3.2 Cutoff for Significance, Type I or a Error and Type II or ß Error.- 3.3 Statistical Power.- 3.4 Why 0.05?.- 3.5 How to Read a p Value

4 Parametric Statistics.- 4.1 The Foundations of Parametric Statistics.- 4.2 Comparison Between Two Sample Means: Student’s t Test.- 4.2.1 The Link with Confidence Intervals.- 4.3 Comparing Three or More Sample Means:

the Analysis of Variance.- 4.3.1 ANOVA for Independent Groups.- 4.3.2 ANOVA for paired Data.- 4.4 Parametric Statistics in Radiology

5 Non-Parametric Statistics.- 5.1 One Sample with Two paired Measurements.- 5.1.1 Variables Measured with Dichotomous Scale.- 5.1.2 Variables Measured with Ordinal Scales.- 5.1.3 Variables Measured with Interval or Rational Scales.- 5.2. Two Independent Samples.- 5.2.1 Variables Measured with Nominal or Ordinal Scales.- 5.2.2 Variables Measured with Interval or Rational Scales.- 5.3 Three or More (k) Dependent Samples.- 5.3.1 Variable Measured with Dichotomous Scale.- 5.3.2.Variables Measured with Ordinal Interval or Rational Scale.- 5.4 Three or More (k) Independent Samples.- 5.4.1 Variables measured with nominal or ordinal scale.- 5.4.2 Variables Measured with Interval or Rational Scale.- 5.5 Some Considerations Regarding Non-Parametric Tests

6 Linear Correlation and Regression.- 6.1 Association and Causation.- 6.2 Correlation between Continuous Variables.- 6.3 Interpreting the Correlation Coefficient.- 6.4 Test for Significance.- 6.5 Rank Correlation.- 6.6 Linear Regression.- 6.6.1 Coefficients for Linear Regression.- 6.7 Interpreting the Regression Line.- 6.8 Limitations of the Use of the Regression Line

7 Reproducibility: Intraobserver and Interobserver Variability.- 7.1 Sources of Variability.- 7.2 Why Do We Need to Know the Variability of Measurements?.- 7.3 Intraobserver and Interobserver Variability for Continuous Variables: the Bland-Altman Analysis.- 7.4 Interpreting the Results of the Bland-Altman Analysis.- 7.5 Intra- and Interobserver Variability for Categorical Variables: the Cohen k

8 Study Design, Systematic Reviews, and Levels of Evidence.- 8.1 Phases 1, 2, 3, and 4 of Pharmacologic Research.- 8.2 Study Classification.- 8.3 Experimental Studies and Control Group.- 8.4 Observational Studies.- 8.5 Randomized Controlled Studies: Alternative Approaches.- 8.6 Studies on Diagnostic Performance: Classification.- 8.7 Randomization and Minimization.- 8.8 Sample Size.- 8.9 Systematic Reviews (Meta-analyses).- 8.10 Levels of Evidence

9 Bias in Studies on Diagnostic Performance.- 9.1 Classification.- 9.2 Bias Affecting External Validity.- 9.2.1 Study Design.- 9.2.2 Subject Selection.- 9.2.3 Radiologic Methods and Reference Standard.- 9.2.4 Statistical Analysis.- 9.3 Bias Affecting Internal Validity.- 9.3.1 Protocol Application.- 9.3.2. Reference Standard Application.- 9.3.3 Data Measurement.- 9.3.4 Reader Independence.- 9.4 A Lot of Work to Be Done

10 How to Write a Radiologic Paper.- 10.1 Major Papers, Minor Papers, Invited Papers.- 10.2 Which Medical Journal?.- 10.3 Do We Always Need Institutional Review Board Approval and Informed Consent?.- 10.4 Title, Running Title and Title Page.- 10.5 Four-section Scheme, Section Size and Editing Sequence.- 10.6 «Introduction»: Why Did You Do It?.- 10.7. «Materials and Methods»: What Did You Do and How Did You Do It?.- 10.8 «Results»: What Did You Find?.- 10.9 «Discussion»: What Is the Meaning of Your Findings?.- 10.10 «References».- 10.11 «Abstract» and «Keywords».- 10.12 Shared Rules.- 10.13 Other Recommendations.- 10.14 Dealing with the Editor’s Response and the Reviewers’ Opinions.- 10.15 To Conclude.

Analytical and noun index

Blurb

Many radiological manuscripts are burdened by limitations relating to study design, definition of enrollment criteria and standard of reference, lack of preliminary estimation of sample size, and incorrect use of statistical tests. These limitations sometimes oblige the reviewer to recommend rejection of a manuscript more frequently than would be the case if rejection were based solely on inherent errors in technical performance or interpretation of imaging modalities.

An underlying aim of this book is to facilitate the interaction between radiologists and statisticians by explaining the basics of statistical methods as applied to medical imaging. The intention is to help develop a way of thinking beyond merely how to perform calculations and get p values. Thus, radiologists will be able to solve small statistical problems and, more importantly, to assume the right perspective during the crucial phase when a study is planned and undertaken.