Bioprocess Technology: Kinetics and Reactors

ISBN-13: 9781461387503 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 451 str.

Anton Moser; Philip Manor

Opis

This book is based on a 1981 German language edition published by Springer Verlag, Vienna, under the title Bioprozesstechnik. Philip Manor has done the translation, for which I am deeply grateful. This book differs from the German edition in many ways besides language. It is substantially enlargened and updated, and examples of computer simula tions have been added together with other appendices to make the work both more comprehensive and more practical. This book is the result of over 15 years of experience in teaching and research. It stems from lectures that I began in 1970 at the Technical University of Graz, Austria, and continued at the University of Western Ontario in London, Canada, 1980; at the Free University of Brussels, 1981; at Chalmers Technical University in G6teborg, Sweden; at the Academy of Sciences in lena, East Germany; at the "Haus der Technik" in Essen, West Germany, 1982; at the Academy of Science in Sofia, Bulgaria; and at the Technical University of Delft, Netherlands, 1986. The main goals of this book are, first, to bridge the gap that always exists between basic principles and applied engineering practice, second, to enhance the integration between biological and physical phenomena, and, third, to contribute to the internal development of the field of biotechnology by describing the process-oriented field of bioprocess technology."

Spis treści

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Biotechnology: A Definition and Overview.- 1.2 Bioprocess Technology.- 2 The Principles of Bioprocess Technology.- 2.1 Empirical Pragmatic Process Development.- 2.1.1 Production Strains.- 2.1.2 Starting Points.- 2.1.3 Different Modes (or Strategies) in Process Development.- 2.1.4 Process Development Without Mathematical Models.- 2.2 Basics of Quantification Methods for Bioprocesses.- 2.2.1 Concepts of a Uniform Nomenclature for Bioprocess Kinetics.- 2.2.2 The Rates of a Bioprocess.- 2.2.3 Stoichiometry and Thermodynamics.- 2.2.4 Productivity, Conversion, and Economics (Profit).- 2.3 Systematic, Empirical Process Development with Mathematical Models.- 2.3.1 An Integrating Strategy—A Basis for Biotechnological Methodology.- 2.3.2 Working Principles of Bioprocess Technology.- 2.4 Mathematical Modeling in Bioprocessing.- 2.4.1 General Remarks.- 2.4.2 Model Building.- 2.4.3 Different Levels and Types of Kinetic Models.- 3 Bioreactors.- 3.1 Overview: Industrial Reactors.- 3.1.1 Microbiological Reactors (Fermenters, Cell Tissue Culture Vessels, and Waste Water Treatment Plants).- 3.1.2 Enzyme Reactors.- 3.1.3 Sterilizers.- 3.2 Systematics of Bioreactors.- 3.2.1 Homogeneous Versus Heterogeneous Systems.- 3.2.2 Mixing Behavior.- 3.3 Quantification Methods.- 3.3.1 Residence Time Distribution (RTD)—Macromixing.- 3.3.2 Micromixing.- 3.3.3 Oxygen Transfer Rate (OTR).- 3.3.4 Degree of O2 Utilization, $${\eta _{}}$$.- 3.3.5 Degree of Hinterland, Hl.- 3.3.6 Power Consumption, P.- 3.3.7 O2 Efficiency (Economy) $${E_{}}$$.- 3.3.8 Heat Transfer Rate, HvTR.- 3.3.9 Characteristic Diameter of Biocatalytic Mass $${\bar d_p}$$.- 3.3.10 Comparison of Process Technology Data for Bioreactors.- 3.3.11 Biological Test Systems.- 3.4 Operational Modes and Bioreactor Concepts.- 3.5 Bioreactor Models.- 3.5.1 Model 1: The Ideal Discontinuous Stirred Tank Reactor (DCSTR).- 3.5.2 Model 2: The Ideal Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) with V = Constant.- 3.5.3 Model 3: The Ideal Semicontinuous Stirred Tank Reactor (SCSTR) with V = Variable.- 3.5.4 Model 4: The Ideal Continuous Plug Flow Reactor (CPFR) or Tubular Reactor.- 3.5.5 Model 5: The Real Plug Flow Reactor CPFR with Dispersion.- 3.5.6 Model 6: The Discontinuous Recycle Reactor (DCRR).- 3.5.7 Model 7: The Continuous Recycle Reactor (CRR).- 3.5.8 Multiple Phase Bioreactor Models.- 3.6 “Perfect Bioreactors” in Bench and Pilot Scale for Process Kinetic Analysis.- 4 Process Kinetic Analysis.- 4.1 Kinetic Analysis in Different Types of Reactors.- 4.2 Regime Analysis—General Concept and Guidelines.- 4.3 Test of Pseudohomogeneity.- 4.4 Parameter Estimation of Kinetic Models with Bioreactors.- 4.4.1 Integral and Differential Reactors.- 4.4.2 Integral and Differential Reactor Data Evaluation Methods.- 4.4.3 Results of Differential and Integral Analysis: Linearization Diagrams.- 4.5 Modeling Heterogeneous Processes.- 4.5.1 External Transport Limitations.- 4.5.2 Internal Transport Limitations.- 4.5.3 Combined Internal and External Transport Limitations.- 4.5.4 Transport Enhancement.- 4.5.5 Concluding Remarks.- 5 Bioprocess Kinetics.- 5.1 Temperature Dependence, k(T), Water Activity, aw, and Enthalpy/Entrophy Compensation.- 5.2 Microkinetic Equations Derived from the Kinetics of Chemical and Enzymatic Reactions.- 5.2.1 The Dynamic Flow Equilibrium Approach to Life Processes.- 5.2.2 Contribution of Enzyme Mechanism to Bioprocess Kinetic Models.- 5.2.3 Contribution of Chemical Kinetic Laws to Bioprocess Kinetic Modeling.- 5.3 Basic Unstructured Kinetic Models of Growth and Substrate Utilization (Homogeneous Rate Equations).- 5.3.1 µ = µ(s): Simple Model Functions of Inhibition-Free Substrate Limitation (Saturation-Type Kinetics).- 5.3.2 µ = µ(x): Influence of Biomass Concentration on Specific Growth Rate.- 5.3.3 µ = µ(t): Extensions of Monod-Type Kinetics to Stationary and Lag Phase.- 5.3.4 Negative Biokinetic Rates—The Case of Microbial Death and Endogenous Metabolism.- 5.3.5 Kinetic Model Equations for Inhibition by Substrates and Products.- 5.3.6 Kinetic Model Equations for Repression.- 5.3.7 µ = µ(pH).- 5.3.8 Kinetic Pseudohomogeneous Modeling of Mycelial Filamentous Growth Including Photosynthesis.- 5.3.9 Kinetic Modeling of Biosorption.- 5.4 Kinetic Models for Microbial Product Formation.- 5.4.1 Metabolites and End Products.- 5.4.2 Heat Production in Fermentation Processes.- 5.5 Multisubstrate Kinetics.- 5.5.1 Sequential Substrate-Utilization Kinetics.- 5.5.2 Simultaneous Substrate-Utilization Kinetics.- 5.5.3 Generalizations in Multisubstrate Kinetics.- 5.6 Mixed Population Kinetics.- 5.6.1 Classification of the Types of Microbial Interactions.- 5.6.2 Kinetic Analysis of Microbial Interactions.- 5.7 Dynamic Models for Transient Operation Techniques (Nonstationary Kinetics).- 5.7.1 Definitions of Balanced Growth and Steady-State Growth.- 5.7.2 Mathematical Modeling of Dynamic Process Kinetics.- 5.8 Kinetic Models of Heterogeneous Bioprocesses.- 5.8.1 Biofilm Kinetics.- 5.8.2 Unstructured Models of Pellet Growth.- 5.8.3 Linear Growth.- 5.9 Pseudokinetics.- 5.10 Kinetics of Sterilization.- 5.10.1 Basic Kinetic Approaches in Sterilization Kinetics.- 5.10.2 Multicomponent Systems in Food Technology.- 6 Bioreactor Performance: Process Design Methods.- 6.1 The Ideal Single-Stage, Constant-Volume Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor, CSTR (Pseudohomogeneous L-Phase Reactor Model).- 6.1.1 Performance of the CSTR with Simple Kinetics.- 6.1.2 Performance of the CSTR with Complex Kinetics.- 6.1.3 Stability Analysis and Transient Behavior of the CSTR.- 6.2 Variable Volume CSTR Operation (Fed-Batch and Transient Reactor Operation).- 6.3 Multistage Single and Multistream Continuous Reactor Operation..- 6.3.1 Classification.- 6.3.2 Potentialities of Multistage Systems.- 6.3.3 Single-Stream Multistage Operation.- 6.3.4 Multistream Multistage Operation.- 6.4 Continuous Plug Flow Reactors (CPFR).- 6.4.1 Performance Equations.- 6.4.2 Potential Advantages of CPFR Operation.- 6.4.3 Principal Properties and Design of CPFRs Compared with CSTRs.- 6.4.4 Applications of CPFR.- 6.4.5 One-Phase (Liquid) Reactors with Arbitrary Residence Time Distribution and Micromixing.- 6.5 Recycle Reactor Operation.- 6.5.1 Performance Equations of Recycle Reactors.- 6.5.2 Application of CRR.- 6.6 Gas/Liquid (Two-Phase) Reactor Models in Bioprocessing.- 6.7 Biofilm Reactor Operation.- 6.7.1 Potentialities of Biofilm Reactors.- 6.7.2 Performance Equations of Biofilm Reactors.- 6.7.3 Application of Biofilm Reactors.- 6.8 Dialysis and Synchronous Culture Operation.- 6.8.1 Dialysis (Membrane) Reactor Operation.- 6.8.2 Synchronous Culture Operation.- 6.9 Integrating Strategy as General Scale-Up Concept in Bioprocessing.- 6.9.1 Stoichiometry (Balancing Methods) Applied in Bioprocess Design.- 6.9.2 Interactions Between Biology and Physics via Viscosity of Fermentation Media.- 6.9.3 Influence of Mycelium—The Morphology Factors (“Apparent Morphology”).- 6.9.4 Structured Modeling of Bioreactors (OTR).- 6.10 Final Note.- Appendix I Fundamentals of Stoichiometry of Complex Reaction Systems.- Appendix II Computer Simulations.- Appendix III Microkinetics: Derivation of Kinetic Rate Equations from Mechanisms.