Biology of the Southern Ocean

ISBN-13: 9780849333941 / Angielski / Twarda / 2006 / 640 str.

George A. Knox

Opis

First published in 1993, The Biology of the Southern Ocean has been referred to as international research at its best and an invaluable reference. Drawing on the considerable volume of information published in the last ten years, this second edition retains the format that made the first edition a popular bestseller, while updating the information with the latest research results available.
The book begins with a description of the physico-chemical environment and, in a logical sequence, covers phytoplankton and primary production, the sea ice microbial communities and the secondary consumers, the zooplankton. The author includes an extended chapter on the biology and ecology of Antarctic krill that highlights its central position in the Southern Ocean food web. A series of chapters consider the higher consumers, nekton (with an emphasis on cephalopods) fish, seals, whales, and seabirds. The following chapters explore selected ecosystem components; the benthic communities, life beneath the fast ice and ice shelves, recent advances in understanding decomposition processes, and the role of bacteria and protozoa.
The author synthesizes ecosystem dynamics, with an emphasis on the pelagic ecosystem. He covers resource exploitation, the impact of such exploitation on the marine ecosystem, and the problems involved in the management of the living resources. His epilogue summarizes the extent to which our understanding of the functioning of the Antarctic marine ecosystem has changed in the last 50 years; for example, there has been a dramatic change in our view of krill and its role in the Southern Ocean marine ecosystem. The book concludes with the statement that research carried out under the AGCS Programme and the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) will continue to provide critical information on the functioning of Antarctic marine ecosystems.
Intended for all those with an ongoing interest in Antarctic research, conservation, and management, this volume represents one of the most authoritative resources in the field as it covers all aspects of this important marine ecosystem.

Spis treści

THE SOUTHERN OCEANIntroductionThe Evolution of the Southern OceanBathymetryClimateIce CoverCirculation Patterns and Water MassesSome Regional Hydrographic FeaturesBottom Water FormationPHYTOPLANKTON AND PRIMARY PRODUCTIONIntroductionData BaseSpecies Composition and DistributionLatitudinal Zonation of Planktonic SubsystemsPhytoplankton BiomassPrimary productionSeasonal and Geographic Variation of Phytoplankton Biomass and Primary ProductionFactors Affecting Primary ProductionGrowth RatesHeterotrophic NutritionA model of Phytoplankton ProductionSEA ICE MICROBIAL COMMUNITIESIntroductionSea ice as a HabitatSea ice CommunitiesEnvironmental Factors and Sea Ice Microalgal PhysiologySea Ice Micro- and MeiofaunaDynamics of Sea Ice Microbial CommunitiesZOOPLANKTONIntroductionSpecies Composition and DistributionLife History and GrowthVertical MigrationSwarmingFeedingBiomass and ProductionEcophysiologyStrategies for Winter SurvivalBiotic and Abiotic Factors Affecting Distribution PatternsLife History and GrowthVertical MigrationSwarmingFeedingBiomass and ProductionStrategies for Winter SurvivalKRILLIntroductionSpecies of EuphausiidsLife History and GrowthKrill AggregationsDistribution and AbundanceFeeding and Energy ExpenditureKrill ProductionNEKTONIntroductionSpecies Composition and DistributionCephalopods FISHESIntroductionSpecies Composition and DistributionMorphological and Physiological adaptationsReproduction and growthAge, growth, mortality and biomass estimatesFactors controlling the distribution and abundance of Antarctic fishesSEALSIntroductionSpecies Composition and DistributionAbundanceSocial Organization and Reproductive BehaviourFeeding EcologyReproduction, Growth and DevelopmentPopulation DynamicsWHALESIntroductionSpecies CompositionDistribution, General Life-Histories and MigrationSegregationReproductionFeeding EcologyBioenergeticsPopulation DynamicsRole in the EcosystemBIRDSIntroductionSpecies Composition and DistributionAbundanceBreeding BiologyNon-Breeding BiologyFood and Feeding EcologyEnergeticsPopulation Structure and DynamicsRole in the EcosystemBENTHIC COMMUNITIESIntroductionThe Antarctic Benthic EnvironmentLittoral CommunitiesShallow Sublittoral CommunitiesEpifaunal CommunitiesInfaunal CommunitiesShelf and Upper Slope CommunitiesDeep Sea CommunitiesMicrobial CommunitiesMeiofaunaBiogeography and Origin of the Benthic FaunaFactors Responsible for Shaping the Antarctic BenthosBiogeographical Schemes for the Antarctic RegionDiversity, Abundance and BiomassFood and FeedingBentho-Pelagic CouplingEcological StrategiesTHE FAST ICE AND ICE SHELVESIntroductionThe Coastal Fast Ice EnvironmentPrimary ProductionSedimentation and ResuspensionZooplanktonThe Sympagic CommunityThe Platelet Ice CommunityThe Cryopelagic CommunityThe Ross and McMurdo Ice ShelvesICE EDGE PROCESSESIntroductionIce Edge HabitatIce Edge Phytoplankton Biomass and Primary ProductionPotential Causes of Phytoplankton BloomsA Model of Ice Edge Bloom DynamicsBacterioplanktonIce Edge MicroheterotrophsIce Edge Zooplankton and NektonIce edge vertebratesThe Importance of the Ice Edge in the Ecology of the Southern OceanDECOMPOSITION AND THE ROLE OF BACTERIA AND PROTOZOAIntroductionQuantities and Sources of Organic MatterSedimentation of POMBiogenic Fluxes in the Water ColumnBacteriaVirusesProtozoaBacteria-Protozoa-POM InteractionsThe Microbial LoopNutrient CyclingECOSYSTEM DYNAMICSIntroductionPelagic ZonationPhytoplankton and Primary ProductionFood WebsEcosystem ModelsSouthern Ocean Variability and Its Impact on the Pelagic EcosystemRESOURCE EXPLOITATIONIntroductionKrillFishesSealsWhalesECOSYSTEM CHANGES RESULTING FROM RESOURCE EXPLOITATIONIntroductionEcosystem Changes Resulting from the Decline in Whale StocksPotential Ecosystem Changes Which Might Result from Future Resource ExploitationMANAGEMENT OF THE LIVING RESOURCESIntroductionThe Convention of the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)Ecosystem Approach to the Management of the Living Resources of the Southern OceanThe Role of Modelling StudiesMonitoring Indicators of Possible Ecological Changes in the Antarctic Marine EcosystemExperimental Fishing as a Management ToolAlternative Management StrategiesNEW! ULTRAVIOLET RADIATIONIntroductionBiological Hazards of Ultraviolet RadiationUV Tolerance MechanismsImpacts of Ultraviolet Radiation on Antarctic Marine BiotaConclusionsNEW! GLOBAL WARMING AND ANTARCTIC MARINE ECOSYSTEMSIntroductionThe Physical EnvironmentEvidence of Global Warming in the Southern OceanThe Potential Impact of Further Global Warming on Antarctic Marine Ecosystems Potential Change in Ecosystem Structure and FunctionNEW! HUMAN IMPACTIntroductionImpact of Stations and Field CampsImpact of Waste DisposalWaste DisposalDisturbance of Nesting SeabirdsContamination of Marine Biota by PollutantsImpact of Oil SpillsImpact of Resource ExploitationEpilogueReferences

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George A. Knox