Part I: Basics 1. The Human Spinal Disc: Relevant Anatomy and Physiology 2. Pathophysiology of Disc Disease: Disc Degeneration 3. Imaging of the Healthy and Diseased Spinal Disc 4. Biomechanics of the Healthy and Diseased Spine Part II: Experimental Techniques 5. Differences between Human and Animal Discs: Pros and Cons of Current Animal Models for Preclinical Development of Biological Therapies for Low Back Pain 6. Grading Scales for Disc Degeneration and Regeneration: Clinical and Experimental 7. Disc Regeneration: In Vitro Approaches and Experimental Results 8. Intervertebral Disc Whole Organ Cultures Part III: Treatment Strategies 9. Biological Treatment Approaches: Basic Ideas and Principles 10. Learning from Successes of Tissue Engineering Strategies for Cartilaginous Disorders 11. Treatment of Degenerative Disc Disease and Disc Regeneration: Proteins and Genes 12. Treatment of Degenerative Disc Disease/Disc Regeneration: Growth Factors and Platelet Rich Plasma 13. Treatment of Degenerative Disc Disease/Disc Regeneration: Stem Cells, Chondrocytes or Other Cells, and Tissue Engineering 14. Nucleus Replacement and Repair: Autologous Disc Chondrocyte Transplantation 15. Annulus Fibrosus Repair Part IV: Clinical Experience 16. Summary of Clinical Trials with Biological Treatment Approaches for Spinal Disease 17. Total Disc Transplantation: Current Results and Future Development 18. What HaveWe Learned from Mechanical Total Disc Replacement? 19. Regulatory Overview: Obtaining Regulatory Approval of a Biological/Cell Product 20. What Makes Biological Treatment Strategies and Tissue Engineering for DDD Interesting to Industry? Part V: Outlook 21. What Will the Future Bring? Perspectives From Around the World