Biochemistry of Antibodies

ISBN-13: 9781468417937 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 381 str.

R. Nezlin

Opis

When the history of immunology in the twentieth century is written, the decade of the 1960's will, in all probability, stand out as the period of greatest advance in the development of molecular immunology. It is appropriate and useful, therefore, that a schol- arly and integrated presentation of this progress should be made available in English. The translation of Dr. Nezlin's "Biochem- istry of Antibodies" from Russian admirably fulfills this need in the form of a scientific monograph directed to medical and biolog- ical scientists. The appearance of this monograph also serves to emphasize the conceptual unification of diverse immunological phenomena which has emerged from progress in molecular immunology. This unity is a consequence of the key role played by the antibody mol- ecule (either in solution or cell-bound) in every biological process properly described as immunological. Indeed, immunology as an independent natural science can be described as the study of the structure, interactions, and biosynthes is of the antibody molecule.

Spis treści

I. Quantitative Methods for Determination of Antibodies.- Heidelbergern Quantitative Precipitation Method.- Quantitative Determination of Antibodies with the Aid of Immunoadsorbents.- Equilibrium Dialysis for the Quantitativ Measurement of the Hapten—Antibody Reaction.- Fluorescence Methods for Antibody Determination.- Literature Cited.- II. Isolation of Pure Antibodies.- Nonspecific Methods.- Specific Methods.- Isolation of the Antigen—Antibody Complex.- Dissociation of the Antigen—Antibody Complex.- Temperature Change.- Change in Ionic Strength.- Changes in pH of Medium.- Other Methods for Dissociation of a Specific Complex.- Separation of Antibody from Antigen after Dissociation of a Specific Complex.- Separation of Antibody from Soluble Antigen.- Separation of Antibody from Insoluble Antigens.- Isolation of Antibodies with the Aid of Fixed Antigens (Synthetic Immunoadsorbents).- Antigens Adsorbed on an Insoluble Support.- Antigens Linked to an Insoluble Support via a Chemical Bond.- Cellulose-Based Immunoadsorbents.- Immunoadsorbents Based on Synthetic Polymers.- Literature Cited.- III. Properties of Antibodies.- The Chief Types of Immunoglobulins.- Other Serum Immunoglobulins.- Microglobulins in Plasma and Urine.- Size and Shape of Molecules.- Molecular Weight.- Electrophoretic Properties.- Optical Properties.- Ultraviolet Absorption.- Optical Rotatory Dispersion.- Fluorescence Polarization.- Chemical Properties.- Amino Acid Composition.- Terminal Amino Acid Residues.- Carbohydrate Component of Immunoglobulins.- Valence of Antibodies.- Antigen Properties.- Determinants Common to All Immunoglobulins.- Determinants Characteristic of the Principal Types of Immunoglobulins.- Determinants of Subgroups of the Principal Types of Immunoglobulins.- Allotypical Determinants.- Determinants Exposed by Recombination of Heavy and Light Chains.- Internal Determinants.- Individual Determinants of Immunoglobulins and Antibodies.- Heterogeneity of Antibodies.- Literature Cited.- IV. The Structure of Antibodies.- Fragments Obtained by Proteolytic Cleavage of Immunoglobulins.- Papain-Cleaved Fragments.- Fragments Obtained by Hydrolysis with Pepsin and Other Proteases.- Classification of Proteolytic Fragments.- Subunits and Peptide Chains Obtained by Chemical Treatment of Molecules of Immunoglobulins and Antibodies.- Splitting of Disulfide Bonds.- Separation of Peptide Chains.- Physicochemical Properties of Peptide Chains.- Molecular Weight.- Absorption at 280 m?.- Solubility.- Chemical Composition of Peptide Chains of Immunoglobulins.- Antigenic Properties of Peptide Chains.- Peptide Chains of Pathological Immunoglobulins.- Role of Peptide Chains of Antibodies in the Antigen Reaction. Molecular Antibody Hybrids.- ?G-Globulin Subunits Containing Both Types of Chains.- Cyanogen Bromide Fragments.- Peptide Chains and Subunits of ?A- and ?M-Globulins.- Classification of Peptide Chains.- Structural Model of ?G-Globulin Molecules.- Interchain Disulfide Bonds.- The Antibody Binding Site.- Chemical Structure.- Size of Antibody Binding Sites.- Primary Structure of Antibodies and Immunoglobulins.- Primary Structure of Certain Sections of Immunoglobulins. Amino Acid Sequence in Polypeptide Chains of Immunoglobulins.- Peptide Maps of Antibodies.- Dependence of the Secondary Structure of Antibodies on the Primary Structure.- Literature Cited.- V. Antibody Biosynthesis.- The Fate of Antigen.- In Which Organs and Cells Are Antibodies Synthesized?.- Antibody-Synthesizing Cells.- RNA Synthesis in Lymphoid Cells during Antibody Synthesis.- Attempts to Induce Antibody Synthesis by RNA Fractions Isolated from Lymphoid Tissue of Immune Rabbits.- Dynamics of Antibody Synthesis.- Latent Period.- Antibody Production.- Kinetics of Antibody Formation.- Sequence of Synthesis of 19 S and 7 S Antibodies.- In Vitro Antibody Synthesis.- Methods for Culturing Antibody-Synthesizing Tissues and Cells.- Primary and Secondary Responses in vitro.- Course of Antibody Synthesis in vitro.- Quantity of Antibodies Synthesized in vitro.- Microglobulins Synthesized in a Tissue Culture.- Synthesis of the Carbohydrate Components of Immunoglobulins.- Participation of Ribosomes in the Biosynthesis of Antibodies. Cell Free Systems Polyribosomes.- Inhibitors of Antibody Synthesis.- Literature Cited.- VI. Genetic Aspects of Antibody Synthesis.- Effect of Hereditary Factors on Synthesis of ?-Globulins and Antibodies.- Hypo- and Agammaglobulinemia.- Inheritable Variations in Antibody Synthesis.- Immunoglobulins in Newborn Animals.- Genetically Controllable Antigenic Determinants of Immunoglobulins (Allotypes).- Rabbit Allotypes.- Genotypic Factors of Human Immunoglobulins.- Allotypes of Mice.- Genes Controlling Antibody Synthesis.- Regulation of Gene Expression.- The Unipotency of Lymphoid Cells.- The Balance of Synthesis of Heavy and Light Peptide Chains.- Suppression of Synthesis of Immunoglobulin Allotypes.- Synthesis of DNA by Lymphoid Cells and Its Stimulation.- Stimulation of DNA Synthesis.- Literature Cited.- VII. Theory of Antibody Synthesis.- Template Theory of Antibody Synthesis.- Theory of the Pre-existence of Information for Antibody Specificity.- Hypothesis of the Somatic Origins of Variability.- Theory of Repression—Derepression.- Evolutionary Aspects of Antibody Synthesis.- Literature Cited.