Beta maritima: The Origin of Beets

ISBN-13: 9781489999610 / Angielski / Miękka / 2014 / 294 str.

Enrico Biancardi;Leonard W. Panella;Robert T. Lewellen

Opis

Along the undisturbed shores, especially of the Mediterranean Sea and the European North Atlantic Ocean, is a quite widespread plant called Beta maritima by botanists, or more commonly sea beet. Nothing, for the inexperienced observer's eye, distinguishes it from surrounding wild vegetation. Despite its inconspicuous and nearly invisible flowers, the plant has had and will have invaluable economic and scientific importance. Indeed, according to Linne, it is considered "the progenitor of the beet crops possibly born from Beta maritima in some foreign country." Recent molecular research confirmed this lineage. Selection applied after domestication has created many cultivated types with different destinations. The wild plant always has been harvested and used both for food and as a medicinal herb. Sea beet crosses easily with the cultivated types. This facilitates the transmission of genetic traits lost during domestication, which selection processes aimed only at features immediately useful to farmers and consumers may have depleted. Indeed, as with several crop wild relatives, Beta maritima has been successfully used to improve cultivated beet's genetic resistances against many diseases and pests. In fact, sugar beet cultivation currently would be impossible in many countries without the recovery of traits preserved in the wild germplasm. Dr. Enrico Biancardi graduated from Bologna University. From 1977 until 2009, he was involved in sugar beet breeding activity by the Istituto Sperimentale per le Colture Industriali (ISCI)formerly Stazione Sperimentale di Bieticoltura (Rovigo, Italy), where he released rhizomania and cercospora resistant germplasm and collected seeds of Mediterranean sea beet populations as a genetic resource for breeding and ex situ conservation. Retired since 2009, he still collaborates with several working breeders, in particular, at the USDA Agricultural Research Stations, at the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science (CAAS), and at the Athens University (AUA). He has edited books, books chapters and authored more than 150 papers.Dr. Lee Panella is a plant breeder and geneticist with the USDA-ARS at Fort Collins, Colorado. He earned his B.S. in Crop and Soil Science from Michigan State University, an M.S. in Plant Breeding from Texas A&M University, and a Ph.D. in genetics from the University of California at Davis. His research focus is developing disease resistant germplasm using sugar beet wild relatives. He is chairman of the USDA-ARS Sugar Beet Crop Germplasm Committee and has collected and worked extensively with sea beet. Dr. Robert T. Lewellen was raised on a ranch in Eastern Oregon and obtained a B.S. in Crop Science from Oregon State University followed by a Ph.D. from Montana State University in Genetics. From 1966 to 2008 he was a research geneticist for the USDA-ARS at Salinas, California, where he studied the genetics of sugar beet and as a plant breeder, often used sea beet as a genetic source to produce many pest and disease resistant sugar beet germplasm and parental lines, while authoring more than 100 publications.

Recenzje

From the reviews:

"The book is divided into eight chapters with multiple subheadings, each highlighting different aspects of B. maritima. In general, the book is well illustrated with many figures printed in colour. ... it is a valuable resource for scientists involved in Beta germplasm conservation and taxonomy, as well as breeders interested in sea beet and beet history in general." (Thomas Schmidt, Annals of Botany, Vol. 113 (7), May, 2014)

"To the best of my knowledge, this book is the first devoted entirely to sea beet (Beta maritima L.), the wild ancestor of all cultivated beets. ... The book is recommended because currently there is much interest in wild beets as a source of new genetic variability for pests and diseases resistance. ... the book will serve as a valued reference for students, researchers, scientists, molecular biologists, and breeders." (Piergiorgio Stevanato, Sugar Tech, Vol. 15 (3), July-September, 2013)

Spis treści

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments

1) History and current importance
1.1) Origin
1.2) Domestication
1.3) Athens and Rome
1.4) Middle age
1.5) Renaissance
1.6) Age of science
1.7) Researchers more involved in Beta maritima
1.7.1) Wilhelm Rimpau and Hermann Briem
1.7.2) Franz Schindler
1.7.3) Emanuel von Proskowetz
1.7.4) Ottavio Munerati
1.7.5) Jacques de Vilmorin
1.7.6) Dudok van Heel
1.7.7) Forrest V. Owen
1.7.8) George H. Coons
1.7.9) John S. McFarlane
1.7.10) Viacheslav F.  and Helen Savitsky
1.7.11) Devon L. Doney and Larry G. Campbell,
1.7.12) Marco De Biaggi
1.7.13) Robert T. Lewellen
1.7.14) Brian V. Ford-Lloyd
1.7.15) Lothar Frese
1.7.16) Leonard W. Panella
1.7.17) Detlef Bartsch
1.7.18) Henry Darmency
1.7.19) Piergiorgio Stevanato
1.7.20) Henk van Dijk and Nina Hautekèete
2) Range of distribution
3) Morphology, physiology, and ecology
3.1) Seed and germy
3.2) Germination
3.3) Leaves
3.4) Roots
3.5) Color
3.6) Chemical composition
3.7) Seed stalk
3.8) Flowers and flowering
3.9) Pollen
3.10) Gene flow
3.11) Male sterility
3.12) Chromosome number
3.13) Self-incompatibility
3.14) Self-fertility
3.15) Cross fertilization
3.16) Growth habit
3.17) Life span
3.18) Age at maturity
3.19) Reproduction systems
3.19.1) Gynodioecy
3.19.2) Sex ratio
3.20) Interspecific hybrids
3.21) Survival strategies
3.22) Dispersal of the species
4) Taxonomy
5) Uses
5.1) Medical uses
5.2) Food uses
5.3) Other uses
6) Source of useful traits
6.1) Resistance to biotic stresses 
6.1.1) Virus yellows
6.1.2) Beet mosaic virus
6.1.3) Rhizomania
6.1.4) Beet curly top virus
6.1.5) Powdery mildew
6.1.6) Root rot 6.1.7) Cercospora leaf spot 
6.1.8) Polymyxa betae
6.1.9) Black root
6.1.10) Minor fungal diseases
6.1.11) Nematodes
6.1.11.1) Cyst nematodes
6.1.11.2) Root knot nematodes
6.1.12) Insects
6.1.13) Multiple resistances
6.2) Resistances to abiotic stresses
6.2.1) Drought and heat tolerance
6.2.2) Salinity tolerance
6.3) Other traits 
7) Cultivated offspring
7.1) Leaf beet
7.2) Garden beet 
7.3) Fodder beet
7.4) Sugar beet
7.5) Energy beet
7.6) Ornamental beet
8) The Future
8.1) Germplasm conservation
8.2) Transgenes diffusion
8.3) Source of new traits

Appendix
A) Beta chronology
B) Authors chronology
C) Names and synonyms of Beta maritima
D) English translation of Latin names given to Beta maritima
E) Essential references

Blurb

Along the undisturbed shores, especially of the Mediterranean Sea and the European North Atlantic Ocean, is a quite widespread plant called Beta maritima by botanists, or more commonly sea beet. Nothing, for the inexperienced observer's eye, distinguishes it from surrounding wild vegetation. Despite its inconspicuous and nearly invisible flowers, the plant has had and will have invaluable economic and scientific importance. Indeed, according to Linnè, it is considered "the progenitor of the beet crops possibly born from Beta maritima in some foreign country".  Recent molecular research confirmed this lineage. Selection applied after domestication has created many cultivated types with different destinations. The wild plant always has been harvested and used both for food and as a medicinal herb. Sea beet crosses easily with the cultivated types. This facilitates the transmission of genetic traits lost during domestication, which selection processes aimed only at features immediately useful to farmers and consumers may have depleted. Indeed, as with several crop wild relatives, Beta maritima has been successfully used to improve cultivated beet’s genetic resistances against many diseases and pests. In fact, sugar beet cultivation currently would be impossible in many countries without the recovery of traits preserved in the wild germplasm. 

Dr. Enrico Biancardi graduated from Bologna University. From 1977 until 2009, he was involved in sugar beet breeding activity by the Istituto Sperimentale per le Colture Industriali (ISCI) formerly Stazione Sperimentale di Bieticoltura (Rovigo, Italy), where he released rhizomania and cercospora resistant germplasm and collected seeds of Mediterranean sea beet populations as a genetic resource for breeding and ex situ conservation.  Retired since 2009, he still collaborates with several working breeders, in particular, at the USDA Agricultural Research Stations, at the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science (CAAS), and at the Athens University (AUA). He has edited books, books chapters and authored more than 150 papers.

Dr. Lee Panella is a plant breeder and geneticist with the USDA-ARS at Fort Collins, Colorado.  He earned his B.S. in Crop and Soil Science from Michigan State University, an M.S. in Plant Breeding from Texas A&M University, and a Ph.D. in genetics from the University of California at Davis.  His research focus is developing disease resistant germplasm using sugar beet wild relatives.  He is chairman of the USDA-ARS Sugar Beet Crop Germplasm Committee and has collected and worked extensively with sea beet. 

Dr. Robert T. Lewellen was raised on a ranch in Eastern Oregon and obtained a B.S. in Crop Science from Oregon State University followed by a Ph.D. from Montana State University in Genetics. From 1966 to 2008 he was a research geneticist for the USDA-ARS at Salinas, California, where he studied the genetics of sugar beet and as a plant breeder, often used sea beet as a genetic source to produce many pest and disease resistant sugar beet germplasm and parental lines, while authoring more than 100 publications.