Behavioral Theories and Treatment of Anxiety

ISBN-13: 9781468446968 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 438 str.

Samuel M. Turner; Samuel M. Turner

Opis

When behavior therapy was first applied to what would now be labeled an anxiety disorder, a simplistic theoretical model guided the treatment of a sim ple phobia. Time and research have shown that the techniques of behavior ther apy have been more successful than its models have been explanatory. Yet progress has been substantial in both realms, as the following volume makes patently clear. In 1980 an inventory of this progress was catalogued at an NIMH-sponsored workshop. What both that workshop and this volume clearly show is that the behav ior therapy researcher need no longer suffer the epithet "overly simplistic." One of the major strengths of this volume is its elucidation of the complexities that now attend the study of the anxiety disorders, particularly from a behav ioral point of view. The researcher at times appears almost to be buried in a landslide of complexities regarding this topic. The concept of anxiety itself has undergone a differentiation to a level of complexity that poses problems for both the conceptualization and the treat ment of anxiety disorders. In virtually one voice, the several authors of this volume argue the multidimensional nature of anxiety. The "lump" view of anx iety has given way to the three-channel view of anxiety. An investigator's future research career could well be secured just by spending time puzzling out the significance of the low intercorrelations among the channels."

Spis treści

1 Behavioral Theories of Anxiety Disorders.- The Scope of Anxiety Disorders.- Behavioral Theories of Anxiety Events.- The Respondent Conditioning Theory.- Revised Conditioning Theories.- Cognitive Theories of Anxiety Events.- Theories Involving Anxiety Constructs.- Two-Factor, Fear-Mediation Theory.- Approach-Withdrawal Theory.- Cognitive-Expectancy Theory.- Future Directions.- The Multidimensional Nature of Anxiety Behavior.- A Multifaceted Framework for Anxiety Disorders.- Summary.- References.- 2 Measurement of Anxiety.- Conceptualizations of Anxiety.- The Anxiety Construct.- Nonbehavioral Views of Anxiety.- The Behavioral View: Anxiety as a Set of Cognitive and Physiological Responses.- Problems and Advantages of the Response-System Conceptualization of Anxiety.- Anxiety Measurement Methods.- Self-Report Measures.- Motoric Behavior Assessment.- Physiological Assessment.- Anxiety Assessment in Children.- Preliminary Screening and Assessment Procedures.- A Case Study.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 3 Simple Phobia.- Defining Characteristics.- Associated Symptoms.- Age of Onset.- Impairment.- Predisposing Factors.- Sex Ratio.- Prevalence of Simple Phobias.- Theories.- Biological Models.- Psychological Theories.- Assessment of Simple Phobias.- Subjective/Cognitive Assessment.- Behavioral Assessment.- Physiological Measures.- Selection of Assessment Measures for the Three Systems.- Other Forms to Be Included in Comprehensive Assessment.- Various Treatment Approaches.- Systematic Desensitization.- Implosive Therapy.- Flooding.- Reinforced Practice.- Modeling Procedures.- Cognitive Therapies.- Treatment Approaches for Each Simple Phobia Category.- Snake Phobia.- Acrophobia.- Spider Phobia.- Rat Phobia.- Blood/Illness/Injury Phobia.- Claustrophobia.- Other Phobias.- Mixed Phobias.- Maintenance of Changes.- Analogue Studies.- Choosing the Appropriate Treatment Procedures and Parameters.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 4 Agoraphobia.- Definition and Description.- Assessment of Agoraphobia.- Classification.- Functional Behavioral Analysis of Agoraphobia.- The Clinical Interview.- Clinical Rating Scales.- Self-Report Measures.- Behavioral Measures.- Physiological Assessment of Agoraphobia.- Treatment of Agoraphobia.- Types of in Vivo Exposure.- Effectiveness of in Vivo Exposure.- Procedural Parameters of in Vivo Exposure.- Clinical Application of in Vivo Exposure Treatment.- Prolonged in Vivo Exposure.- Graduated in Vivo Exposure.- Limitations and Follow-up of in Vivo Exposure Treatments.- Adjuncts to the in Vivo Exposure Treatment of Agoraphobia.- Conclusions.- References.- 5 Panic Disorder: Medical and Psychological Parameters.- Panic Disorder as a Psychiatric Condition.- Differential Diagnostic Problems.- Related Conditions—The Hyperventilation Syndrome.- Medical Conditions Presenting with Panic.- Idiopathic Postprandial Hypoglycemia.- Vestibular Abnormalities.- Mitral-Valve Prolapse and Panic.- Behavioral Treatment of Panic.- A Clinical Model for Panic.- Empirical Studies.- Clinical Approaches.- Conclusions.- References.- 6 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders.- Epidemiology.- Relationship to Other Disorders.- Schizophrenia.- Organic Brain Syndrome.- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Phobias.- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Depression.- Cognitive Factors in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Anxiety.- Assessment of Obsessions and Compulsions.- Self-Report Scales.- Physiological Assessment.- Behavioral Measures.- Treatment.- Behavioral Treatments.- Exposure Treatments.- Other Behavioral Interventions.- Biological Treatment.- Summary.- References.- 7 Generalized Anxiety Disorder.- Symptom Expression.- Affective-Autonomic.- Somatic-Behavioral.- Cognitive.- Symptom Severity.- Types of Anxiety Management Programs.- Affective-Autonomic Treatment.- Somatic-Behavioral Treatment.- Cognitive Treatment.- Model of Generalized Anxiety.- References.- 8 Social Phobia.- The Nature and Prevalence of Social Phobia.- Fear, Anxiety, Phobia.- Social Phobia.- Social Anxiety in Nonclinical Populations.- Characteristics of Clinical Samples.- The Presenting Features of Social Phobia.- Explanation of Social Phobia: Its Cause and Maintenance.- The Social Environment.- The Appraisal System.- The Coping System.- Therapy.- Assessment.- The Appraisal System.- The Coping System.- Summary.- References.- 9 School Phobia.- Diagnostic Issues.- Incidence.- Etiological Considerations.- Assessment Issues.- The Behavioral Interview.- Rating Forms.- Behavioral Observation.- Treatment Issues.- Classical Conditioning.- Operant Conditioning.- Vicarious Conditioning (Modeling).- Evaluative Issues.- Prevention.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 10 Anxiety Disorders in Childhood.- Definitions.- Etiology.- Assessment.- Questionnaires and Inventories.- Behavioral Measures.- Physiological Measures.- Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in Children.- Systematic Desensitization.- In Vivo Desensitization.- Contact Desensitization or Participant Modeling.- Modeling.- Reinforced Practice.- Cognitive Strategies.- Treatment Outcome.- Desensitization.- Modeling.- Reinforced Practice.- Cognitive Strategies.- Clinical Recommendations.- References.

O autorze

Paul S. Turner is the author of numerous articles and books. He practices banking and commercial law and consults on legal matters, with offices in Los Angeles, California. He first became familiar with the risks of payment systems as a lawyer at Occidental Petroleum Corporation, where as an assistant general counsel he advised the Occidental treasury department. He was an official advisor to the uniform law commissioners who wrote Article 4A (Funds Transfers) of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) and revised UCC Articles 3 (Negotiable Instruments), 4 (Banks Deposits and Collections), and 5 (Letters of Credit). He has served as a member of the Payments Advisory Group of the Association for Financial Professionals and is vice chair of the American Bar Association's Payments Committee, a subcommittee of the Association's Business Law Section.