Basics of Pet Imaging: Physics, Chemistry, and Regulations

ISBN-13: 9781489984715 / Angielski / Miękka / 2014 / 241 str.

Gopal B. Saha

Opis

Sincethepublicationofthisbook in2005, thegrowthofpositron emission tomography(PET)andPET/CTmodalityhasbeenphenomenalwiththed- coveryofef?cientdetectorsandtheadditionofsophisticatedscannersand powerfulsoftware. Becauseofthevastadvancementandchangesintechn- ogy, andalso withgreatappreciationofthesuccess ofthe?rst edition, we thoughtasecondeditionofthebookwouldbeappropriate. Thebookisrevisedtoagainful?lltheneedsofnuclearmedicineprof- sionalssuchasphysicians, technologists, andresidents, alongwithstudents fortheirboardexaminationandtraining. Thecontentsofthebookhavebeen keptatthebasiclevelaswasinthe?rstedition. The organization of the book essentially has remained the same. Some chaptershavebeenrevisedvery extensively, while others haveonly minor changes. NochangehasbeenmadeinChap. 1asitisbasedonbasicphysics. Extensive revision has been made in Chaps. 2 and 3 to include up-to-date information on detectors, scanners, and data collection. Chapter 4 in the original edition has been divided into Chaps. 4 and 5 to allow for a se- ratechapteron Storage, Display, andPACS. Chapter6hasbeenupdated withnewinformationonNEMAstandardsonacceptancetestsofPETsc- ners. NewPETradionuclidesandthelistofcurrentavailablecyclotronshave beenaddedtoChap. 7. Chapter8includesasectiononCompoundingofPET Radiopharmaceuticals, inadditiontoseveralnewPETradiopharmaceuticals. NewregulationsconcerningtheuseofPETradiopharmaceuticals, thelice- ingofphysiciansandtechnologists, andtheaccreditationofPETfacilitiesto beeligibleforreimbursementforPETproceduresareallincludedinChap. 9. Chapter10hasbeenrevised, focusingontheissuesofcurrentreimbursement issuesforPETstudies. OnlyminorchangeshavebeenmadeinChaps. 11and 12toincludeup-to-dateinformation. Questionshavebeenaddedattheend ofeachchapter, asappropriate, tore?ectthechangesincontents. IthankmycolleaguesattheClevelandClinicFoundationfortheirsupport in manywaysand Mrs. DianeGrif's for kindly typingand completingthe manuscriptontime. vii viii Preface IsincerelythankAndrewMoyer, editorofradiologyandnuclearmedicine, atSpringerforsupportandencouragement, andS. GeethalakshmiSrinivasan, ProjectManager, atSPiTechnologiesIndiaPvtLtdforexcellentproduction ofthebook. Cleveland, OH GopalB. Saha Contents 1. RadioactiveDecayandInteractionofRadiationwithMatter . . . 1 AtomicStructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 RadioactiveDecay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ?Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ? ? Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 + Positron(?)Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ElectronCapture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 IsomericTransition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 RadioactiveDecayEquations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 GeneralDecayEquations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 SuccessiveDecayEquations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 UnitsofRadioactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 UnitsofRadioactivityinSystemInternationale . . . . . . . . . 9 Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 InteractionofRadiationwithMatter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 InteractionofChargedParticleswithMatter . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Interactionof?RadiationwithMatter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ReferencesandSuggestedReading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2. PET ScanningSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 SolidScintillationDetectorsinPET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 PhotomultiplierTube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 PulseHeightAnalyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 ArrangementofDetectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 PETScanners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 CoincidenceScintillationCameras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 PET/CTScanners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 SmallAnimalPETScanner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 MobilePETorPET/CT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 ix x Contents Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 ReferencesandSuggestedReading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3. DataAcquisition and Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 PETDataAcquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 TimeofFlightMethod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Two-Dimensionalvs. Three-Dimensional DataAcquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 FactorsAffectingAcquiredPETData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Normalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 PhotonAttenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 AttenuationCorrectionMethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 RandomCoincidences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 ScatterCoincidences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 CorrectionforScatterCoincidences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 DeadTime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 RadialElongation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 PET/CTDataAcquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 FactorsAffectingPET/CTData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 ReferencesandSuggestedReading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4. ImageReconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 SimpleBackprojection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 FilteredBackprojection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 T

Recenzje

From the reviews of the second edition:

"This book, revised to reflect the growth in PET and PET/CT imaging, presents concepts at a basic level designed to help nuclear medicine professionals in their training and preparation for board certification. ... It is meant as a preparatory guide for physicians ... . The author is a world expert on radiopharmacy. ... This second edition has been extensively revised to update information on detectors, scanners, and data collection. ... The book is relatively inexpensive and covers the subject at the basic level very well." (Dean W. Broga, Doody's Review Service, November, 2010)

Spis treści

Radioactive Decay and Interaction of Radiation with Matter.- PET Scanning Systems.- Data Acquisition and Corrections.- Image Reconstruction.- Storage, Display, and PACS.- Performance Characteristics of PET Scanners.- Cyclotron and Production of PET Radionuclides.- Synthesis of PET Radiopharmaceuticals.- Regulations Governing PET Radiopharmaceuticals.- Reimbursement for PET Procedures.- Design and Cost of PET Center.- Procedures for PET Studies.

Blurb

This revised edition of Basics of PET Imaging presents an unparalleled text on the basics of PET imaging technology. Distinguished author, Dr. Gopal B. Saha, has updated his previous bestselling work with concise chapters on PET fundamentals, including:

• Basic physics
• Instrumentation and data acquisition
• Production of PET radionuclides
• Performance characteristics of PET scanners
• Regulatory and reimbursement issues

To maximize understanding, and to help technologists and residents prepare for board exams, chapters include pertinent basic science and equations along with sample problems and practice questions. The remarkable combination of Dr. Saha’s brevity and clarity of content once again makes this edition an ideal reference book for nuclear medicine professionals interested in the basics of PET imaging.