Average Current-Mode Control of DC-DC Power Converters

ISBN-13: 9781119525653 / Angielski / Twarda / 2022 / 336 str.

Marian K. Kazimierczuk;Dalvir K. Saini;Agasthya Ayachit

Spis treści

List of Symbols xiiiAbout the Authors xviiPreface xixAcknowledgments xxi1 Introduction 11.1 Principle of Operation of Conventional Average Current-Mode Control Technique 31.2 Principle of Operation of Modified Average Current-Mode Control Technique 61.3 Steady-State Operation 72 Average Current-Mode Control of Buck DC-DC Converter 92.1 Circuit Description, DC Characteristics, and Design 102.1.1 Circuit Description 102.1.2 DC Model 102.1.3 Design Example 122.2 Large-Signal and Small-Signal Models of PWM Buck Converter in CCM 132.3 Power Stage Transfer Functions 152.3.1 Duty Cycle-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tp 162.3.2 Duty Cycle-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Tpi 182.3.3 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function M v 202.3.4 Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function M v i 212.3.5 Reverse Current Gain A i 222.3.6 Open-Loop Input Impedance Z i 242.3.7 Open-Loop Output Impedance Zo 262.4 Inner-Current Loop 272.4.1 Transfer Function of Filter and Non-inverting Amplifier Tf 292.4.2 Transfer Function of Pulse-Width Modulator Tm 302.4.3 Uncompensated Loop Gain Tki 302.4.4 Transfer Function of Control Circuit for Inner-Current Loop Tci 312.4.5 Compensated Loop Gain of Inner-Current Loop Ti 332.5 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions for Inner-Current Loop 342.5.1 Reference Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Ticl 352.5.2 Reference Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tpicl 352.5.3 Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Micl 362.5.4 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mvicl 372.5.5 Input Impedance Ziicl 392.5.6 Output Impedance Zoicl 402.6 Outer-Voltage Loop 422.6.1 Transfer Function of Feedback Network beta 422.6.2 Uncompensated Loop Gain for Outer-Voltage Loop Tkv 422.6.3 Transfer Function of Control Circuit for Outer-Voltage Loop Tcv 432.6.4 Compensated Loop Gain of Outer-Voltage Loop Tv 462.7 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions for Outer-Voltage Loop 462.7.1 Reference Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tpcl 462.7.2 Input Voltage to Duty-Cycle Transfer Function Mdv 472.7.3 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mvcl 492.7.4 Input Impedance Zivcl 502.7.5 Output Impedance Zovcl 522.8 Comparison of Closed-Loop and Open-Loop Step Responses 552.8.1 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Input Voltage 552.8.2 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Duty Cycle, Current-Loop reference Voltage, and Voltage-Loop Reference Voltage 552.8.3 Response of Input Current to Step Change in Input Voltage 562.8.4 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Load Current 572.9 Summary 583 Average Current-Mode Control of Boost DC-DC Converter 613.1 Circuit Description, DC Characteristics, and Design 623.1.1 Circuit Description 623.1.2 DC Model 623.1.3 Design Example 653.2 Large-Signal and Small-Signal Models of PWM Boost Converter for CCM 663.3 Power-Stage Transfer Functions 673.3.1 Duty Cycle-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tp 683.3.2 Duty Cycle-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Tpi 743.3.3 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mv 803.3.4 Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Mvi 813.3.5 Reverse Current Gain Ai 823.3.6 Open-Loop Input Impedance Zi 843.3.7 Open-Loop Output Impedance Zo 853.4 Inner-Current Loop 883.4.1 Transfer Function of Filter and Non-inverting Amplifier Tf 893.4.2 Transfer Function of Pulse-Width Modulator Tm 903.4.3 Uncompensated Loop Gain Tki 903.4.4 Transfer Function of Control Circuit Tci 913.4.5 Loop Gain of Inner-Current Loop Ti 933.5 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions for Inner-Current Loop 943.5.1 Reference Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Ticl 943.5.2 Reference Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tpicl 953.5.3 Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Micl 963.5.4 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mvicl 983.5.5 Input Voltage-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function Mdi 993.5.6 Input Impedance Ziicl 1003.5.7 Output Impedance Zoicl 1023.6 Outer-Voltage Loop 1033.6.1 Transfer Function of Feedback Network beta 1043.6.2 Uncompensated Loop Gain for Outer-Voltage Loop Tkv 1053.6.3 Transfer Function of Control Circuit for Outer-Voltage Loop Tcv 1053.6.4 Compensated Loop Gain of Outer-Voltage Loop Tv 1073.7 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions for Outer-Voltage Loop 1073.7.1 Reference Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tpcl 1083.7.2 Input Voltage-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function Mdv 1093.7.3 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mvcl 1103.7.4 Input Impedance Zivcl 1123.7.5 Output Impedance Zovcl 1143.8 Comparison of Closed-Loop and Open-Loop Step Responses 1163.8.1 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Input Voltage 1163.8.2 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Duty Cycle, Current-Loop Reference Voltage, and Voltage-Loop Reference Voltage 1173.8.3 Response of Input Current to Step Change in Input Voltage 1183.8.4 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Load Current 1193.9 Summary 1204 Average Current-Mode Control of Buck-Boost DC-DC Converter 1214.1 Circuit Description, DC Model, and Design 1224.1.1 Circuit Description 1224.1.2 DC Model 1224.1.3 Design Example 1254.2 Large-Signal and Small-Signal Models of PWM Buck-Boost Converter in CCM 1254.3 Power-Stage Transfer Functions 1284.3.1 Duty Cycle-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tp 1294.3.2 Duty Cycle-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Tpi 1344.3.3 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mv 1394.3.4 Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Mvi 1424.3.5 Reverse Current Gain Ai 1434.3.6 Open-Loop Input Impedance Zi 1454.3.7 Open-Loop Output Impedance Zo 1474.4 Inner-Current Loop 1504.4.1 Transfer Function of Filter Tf 1524.4.2 Transfer Function of Pulse-Width Modulator Tm 1534.4.3 Uncompensated Loop Gain Tki 1544.4.4 Transfer Function of Compensation Circuit Tci 1554.4.5 Compensated Loop Gain Ti 1564.5 Closed-Inner Loop Transfer Functions 1584.5.1 Reference Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Ticl 1604.5.2 Reference Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tpicl 1614.5.3 Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Micl 1624.5.4 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mvicl 1634.5.5 Input Voltage-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function Mdi 1664.5.6 Input Impedance Ziicl 1664.5.7 Output Impedance Zoicl 1684.6 Outer-Voltage Loop 1704.6.1 Transfer Function of Feedback Network beta 1724.6.2 Uncompensated Loop Gain Tkv 1734.6.3 Transfer Function of Control Circuit for Outer-Voltage Loop Tcv 1744.6.4 Compensated Loop Gain Tv 1764.7 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions for Outer-Voltage Loop 1764.7.1 Reference Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tpcl 1774.7.2 Input Voltage-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function Mdv 1774.7.3 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mvcl 1794.7.4 Input Impedance Zivcl 1814.7.5 Output Impedance Zovcl 1834.8 Comparison of Closed-Loop and Open-Loop Step Responses 1864.8.1 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Input Voltage 1864.8.2 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Duty Cycle, Current-Loop reference Voltage, and Voltage-Loop Reference Voltage 1874.8.3 Response of Input Current to Step Change in Input Voltage 1884.8.4 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Load Current 1884.9 Summary 1895 Average Current-Mode Control of Flyback DC-DC Converter 1915.1 Circuit Description, DC Model, and Design 1925.1.1 Circuit Description 1925.1.2 DC Model 1935.1.3 Derivation of Equivalent Averaged Resistance 1975.1.4 Design Example 2005.2 Large-Signal and Small-Signal Models of PWM Flyback Converter in CCM 2005.3 Power-Stage Transfer Functions 2045.3.1 Duty Cycle-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tp 2065.3.2 Duty Cycle-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Tpi 2145.3.3 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mv 2205.3.4 Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Mvi 2215.3.5 Reverse Current Gain Ai 2235.3.6 Open-Loop Input Impedance Zi 2265.3.7 Open-Loop Output Impedance Zo 2285.4 Inner-Current Loop 2295.4.1 Transfer Function of Filter and Non-inverting Amplifier Tf 2315.4.2 Transfer Function of Pulse-Width Modulator Tm 2335.4.3 Uncompensated Loop Gain Tki 2335.4.4 Transfer Function of Compensation Circuit Tci 2345.4.5 Compensated Loop Gain Ti 2365.5 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions for Inner-Current Loop 2385.5.1 Reference Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Ticl 2395.5.2 Reference Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tpicl 2405.5.3 Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Micl 2415.5.4 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mvicl 2435.5.5 Input Voltage-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function Mdi 2445.5.6 Input Impedance Ziicl 2455.5.7 Output Impedance Zoicl 2465.6 Outer-Voltage Loop 2485.6.1 Transfer Function of Feedback Network beta 2505.6.2 Uncompensated Loop Gain Tkv 2505.6.3 Transfer Function of Compensation Circuit Tcv 2515.6.4 Compensated Loop Gain Tv 2535.7 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions for Outer-Voltage Loop 2535.7.1 Reference Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tpcl 2545.7.2 Input Voltage-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function Mdv 2545.7.3 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mvcl 2575.7.4 Input Impedance Zivcl 2595.7.5 Output Impedance Zovcl 2615.8 Comparison of Closed-Loop and Open-Loop Step Responses 2625.8.1 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Input Voltage 2625.8.2 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Duty Cycle, Current-Loop Reference Voltage, and Voltage-Loop Reference Voltage 2645.8.3 Response of Input Current to Step Change in Input Voltage 2655.8.4 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Load Current 2665.9 Summary 266References 269Appendix A Design Equations for Continuous-Conduction Mode 275A.1 Common Equations Needed for the Design of Converters 275A.1.1 DC Output Power 275A.1.2 DC Voltage Transfer Function 275A.2 Specific Expressions for the Design of Converters in CCM 275Appendix B MOSFET Parameters 277Appendix C Diode Parameters 279Appendix D Selected MOSFETs' Spice Models 281D.1 IRF430 281D.2 IRF520 281D.3 IRF150 281D.4 IRF142 281D.5 IRF840 282D.6 IRF740 282Appendix E Selected Diodes' Spice Models 283E.1 MUR1560 283E.2 MBR10100 283E.3 MBR1060 283E.4 MUR2510 283E.5 MBR2540 283E.6 MBR4040 284Appendix F Simulation Tools 285F.1 SPICE Model of Power MOSFETs 285F.1.1 SPICE NMOS Syntax 286F.1.2 SPICE NMOS Model Syntax 286F.1.3 SPICE PMOS Model Syntax 287F.1.4 SPICE Subcircuit Model Syntax 287F.2 Introduction to SPICE 288F.2.1 Passive Components: Resistors, Capacitors, and Inductors 288F.2.2 Transformer 288F.2.3 Temperature 288F.2.4 Independent DC Sources 288F.2.5 DC Sweep Analysis 289F.2.6 Independent Pulse Source for Transient Analysis 289F.2.7 Transient Analysis 289F.2.8 Independent AC Sources for Frequency Response 289F.2.9 Independent Sinusoidal AC Sources for Transient Analysis 289F.2.10 AC Frequency Analysis 290F.2.11 Operating Point 290F.2.12 Starting the SPICE Program 290F.2.13 Example Program: Diode I-V Characteristics 290F.3 Introduction to MATLAB(r) 290F.3.1 Getting Started 291F.3.2 Generating an x-Axis Data 291F.3.3 Semi-logarithmic Scale 291F.3.4 Log-Log Scale 291F.3.5 Generate an y-Axis Data 292F.3.6 Multiplication and Division 292F.3.7 Symbols and Units 292F.3.8 x-Axis and y-Axis Labels 292F.3.9 x-Axis and y-Axis Limits 292F.3.10 Greek Symbols 292F.3.11 Plot Commands 293F.3.12 3D Plot Commands 293F.3.13 Bode Plots 293F.3.14 Step Response 293F.3.15 To Save Figure 293F.3.16 Example Program 294F.3.17 Polynomial Curve Fitting 294F.3.18 Bessel Functions 294F.3.19 Modified Bessel Functions 294F.3.20 Example MATLAB Code 294F.4 Introduction to SABER Circuit Simulator 301F.4.1 Setting Up a Circuit on SABER 301F.4.2 Performing TRANSIENT Analysis on the Designed Circuit 302F.4.3 Plotting 303F.4.4 Printing 303Index 305

O autorze

Marian K. Kazimierczuk, PhD, Professor of Electrical Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA. He has taught undergraduate and graduate electronics courses in the field of high-frequency power electronics for more than 35 years. Professor Kazimierczuk has performed an extensive research on PWM and resonant power converters, electronic ballasts, high-frequency magnetic components, high-efficiency RF power amplifiers, modeling and control of power converters, active power factor correction, wireless power transfer, renewable energy sources, power MOSFET drivers, and wide-bandgap GaN and SiC semiconductor devices. He has published over 500 papers in IEEE Transactions, IET journals, and IEEE international conferences, has written eight textbooks, and holds 7 patents. He is a Life Fellow of the IEEE.Dalvir K. Saini, PhD, Research Engineer, Failure Analysis Lab, University of Dayton Research Institute, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, USA. She has been pursuing the area of failure analysis of electrical systems and components related to aircraft safety, and has published several journal and conference publications in the field of modeling of switched-mode power converters.Agasthya Ayachit, PhD, Senior System Engineer, Mercedes-Benz Research & Development North America, Redford, Michigan, USA. He has been actively contributing to the design and development of power conversion stages in electric vehicle battery charging and e-drive systems. He has published several journal papers in IEEE Transactions, IET journals, and IEEE conferences in the field of small-signal modeling of power converters. His research interests are in the field of circuit topologies, modeling and design of power converters, wireless charging, and wide-bandgap semiconductor devices (GaN/SiC).