Atlas on the Biology of Soil Arthropods

ISBN-13: 9783642726361 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 437 str.

Gerhard Eisenbeis; Wilfried Wichard; Elizabeth A. Mole

Opis

From the Foreword: "Anyone who has glimpsed a sample of soil animals, especially the soil arthropods, through the binocular microscope will never forget the fascination of their abundant shapes and structures ... electron microscopy has added another dimension which multiplies the initial fascination. When I leaf through this "atlas" my attention is repeatedly caught by the numerous pictures. ... the richness of form and function of the soil arthropods has proved to be an inexhaustible source of biological interest. The authors ... demonstrate this in a praiseworthy manner. ...This atlas offers every teacher the opportunity of rapidly obtaining an overview and thus compiling the most vivid teaching material. ... Finally, the index offers easy access to each individual aspect of the subject to those who are motivated to study further."

Spis treści

1 General Introduction.- 1.1 The Soil as a Biotope.- 1.1.1 Soil Profiles.- 1.1.2 Ecological Factors.- 1.2 Forms of Life in the Soil.- 1.2.1 Euedaphon.- 1.2.2 Epedaphon.- 1.2.3 Hemiedaphon.- 1.3 Soil Communities.- 1.3.1 Decomposition of Plant Debris.- 1.3.2 Decomposer Food Web.- 2 Systematic Chapters.- 2.1 Order: Araneae — Spiders (Arachnida).- 2.1.1 Soil-Dwelling Spiders.- 2.1.2 Structural Features of the Body of Spiders.- 2.1.3 The Pedipalps of the Male Spider.- 2.1.4 The Chelicerae.- 2.1.5 Sheet Web Constructing Spiders.- 2.1.6 The Spinning Apparatus.- 2.1.7 Cribellum and Calamistrum of Amaurobius.- 2.1.8 Spiders which Spin Tubular Webs.- 2.1.9 Free Hunting Spiders.- 2.1.10 Biotope of Edaphic Spiders.- 2.1.11 Care of the Young — The Egg Sac.- 2.1.12 Care of the Young — Brood Care.- 2.1.13 Surface Structures of a Spider.- 2.2 Order: Pseudoscorpiones — Pseudoscorpions (Arachnida).- 2.2.1 Characteristics of Pseudoscorpions.- 2.2.2 Predatory Behaviour in Pseudoscorpions.- 2.2.3 Food Preferences.- 2.2.4 Mating and Brood Biology.- 2.3 Order: Opiliones — Harvestmen (Arachnida).- 2.3.1 Anatomy of Harvestmen.- 2.3.2 The Biotope of Harvestmen.- 2.3.3 The Diet of Harvestmen.- 2.3.4 Snail-Eating Harvestmen.- 2.3.5 The Mating Behaviour of Harvestmen.- 2.3.6 On the Phenology of the Phalangiidae.- 2.3.7 The Development of the Phalangiidae.- 2.3.8 The Ovipositor of the Harvestmen.- 2.3.9 The Habitat of the Hemiedaphic Siro duricorius.- 2.3.10 The Defence Mechanisms of Harvestment.- 2.4 Order: Acari — Mites (Arachnida).- 2.4.1 Characteristics of the Acari.- 2.4.2 Parasitiformes of the Soil.- 2.4.3 Free-Living Gamasina (Gamasides).- 2.4.4 The Prey of Predatory Mites (Gamasina).- 2.4.5 Vertical Distribution of Predatory Mites.- 2.4.6 Body Segmentation of the Acari.- 2.4.7 Cryptostigmata (Oribatei) “Horn, Moss or Beetle Mites”.- 2.4.8 Horizontal Distribution and Aggregation of the Cryptostigmata (Oribatei).- 2.4.9 The Feeding Habits of the Oribatei.- 2.4.10 The Significance of the Oribatei to Soil Biology.- 2.4.11 Vertical Distribution of the Oribatei.- 2.4.12 Protective Mechanisms of the Oribatids Against Predation.- 2.4.13 Epiphytic Oribatei.- 2.4.14 The Pseudostigmatic Organs of the Oribatids.- 2.4.15 Phoresis in Mites.- 2.5 Order: Isopoda — Isopods (Crustacea).- 2.5.1 Oniscoidea — Terrestrial Isopods.- 2.5.2 Sensory Organs on the Antennae of the Oniscoidea.- 2.5.3 Isopods as Primary Decomposers — Food Preferences.- 2.5.4 Isopods as Primary Decomposers — Turnover of Organic Matter.- 2.5.5 Surface Structures for the Formation of a Plastron.- 2.5.6 Cuticular Structures to Minimize Contact with Surrounding Surfaces.- 2.5.7 Pleopod-Endopodites as Gills.- 2.5.8 The Water-Conducting System of the Terrestrial Isopods — Porcellio Type.- 2.5.9 The Water-Conducting System of the Terrestrial Isopods — Ligia Type.- 2.5.10 Lungs in the Pleopod-Exopodites of the Terrestrial Isopods.- 2.5.11 Reabsorption by the Endopodites of the Terrestrial Isopods.- 2.6 Subclass: Chilopoda — Centipedes (Myriapoda).- 2.6.1 Geophilomorpha and Lithobiidae.- 2.6.2 Euedaphic Life in the Geophilomorpha.- 2.6.3 Antennal Sensory Organs in the Geophilomorpha.- 2.6.4 Coxal Organs of the Geophilomorpha.- 2.6.5 Epedaphic Life in the Lithobiidae.- 2.6.6 Predatory Feeding Habits of the Lithobiidae.- 2.6.7 Moisture Requirements of the Chilopoda.- 2.7 Subclass: Diplopoda — Millipedes (Myriapoda).- 2.7.1 The Epedaphic and Hemiedaphic Diplopoda.- 2.7.2 Life Form — Rammer (Bulldozer) Type (Iulidae).- 2.7.3 Protection Against Attackers — Defensive Glands.- 2.7.4 Life Form — Globular Type (Glomeridae).- 2.7.5 Moisture Requirements of the Diplopoda.- 2.7.6 Life Form — Wedge Type (Polydesmidae).- 2.7.7 Respiratory Organs of the Diplopoda.- 2.7.8 Life Form — Bark-Dweller (Polyxenidae).- 2.7.9 Sensory Hairs of Polyxenus lagurus.- 2.7.10 Reproduction of Polyxenus lagurus.- 2.7.11 Water Balance in Polyxenus lagurus.- 2.8 Subclass: Pauropoda — (Myriapoda).- 2.8.1 Characteristics of the Pauropoda.- 2.8.2 Adaptation of Sensory Perception — Pseudoculus.- 2.8.3 Adaptation of Sensory Perception — Trichobothrium.- 2.9 Subclass: Symphyla — (Myriapoda).- 2.9.1 Characteristics of the Symphyla.- 2.9.2 Moisture as an Ecological Factor — Tömösváry Organ.- 2.9.3 Moisture as an Ecological Factor — Coxal Vesicles.- 2.9.4 Indirect Transfer of Spermatophores.- 2.9.5 Protection Against Predators — Spinning Styli.- 2.10 Order: Diplura — Doubletails (Insecta).- 2.10.1 Characteristics of the Diplura.- 2.10.2 Sensory Organs on the Antennae of Campodea.- 2.10.3 Morphology of the Head of Campodea.- 2.10.4 Respiration of the Diplura.- 2.10.5 Osmoregulation in the Diplura.- 2.10.6 Adaptations of the Body of Euedaphic Diplura.- 2.10.7 Predatory Life of the Diplura.- 2.10.8 Biology of the Japygidae.- 2.11 Order: Protura (Insecta).- 2.11.1 Characteristics of the Protura.- 2.11.2 Soil Biological Aspects.- 2.12 Order: Collembola — Springtails (Insecta).- 2.12.1 Anatomy of the Collembola.- 2.12.2 Life Forms of the Collembola.- 2.12.3 Compound Eye of the Collembola.- 2.12.4 Ventral Tube of the Collembola.- 2.12.5 Jumping Apparatus of the Collembola.- 2.12.6 Euedaphic Collembola (Onychiuridae).- 2.12.7 Sensory Organs of Euedaphic Collembola (Onychiuridae).- 2.12.8 Tetrodontophora bielanensis (Onychiuridae).- 2.12.9 Pseudocelli of Euedaphic Collembola.- 2.12.10 Surface Structure of the Collembola.- 2.12.11 Mating Behaviour of the Collembola.- 2.12.12 Vertical Distribution and Aggregation of the Collembola.- 2.12.13 Respiration of the Collembola.- 2.12.14 Dwellers on Ice and Snow: Glacier Fleas.- 2.12.15 Dwellers on Ice and Snow: Firn Fleas.- 2.13 Order: Archaeognatha — Bristletails (Insecta).- 2.13.1 Characteristics of the Archaeognatha.- 2.13.2 Sensory Organs on the Mouthparts of Bristletails (Machilidae).- 2.13.3 Water Balance of the Machilidae.- 2.13.4 Outer Genital Appendages of the Archaeognatha.- 2.13.5 Mating Biology of Bristletails.- 2.13.6 Egg Deposition in the Machilid Trigoniophthalmus alternatus.- 2.14 Order: Zygentoma (Insecta).- 2.14.1 Characteristics of the Zygentoma (Silverfish, Firebrats).- 2.14.2 Structure and Function of the Scales.- 2.14.3 Labial Nephridium of the Silverfish.- 2.14.4 Outer Genital Appendages of the Zygentoma.- 2.14.5 Sensilla on the Abdominal Appendages.- 2.15 Order: Dermaptera — Earwigs (Insecta).- 2.15.1 Soil-Dwelling Earwigs.- 2.15.2 Sensory Perception and Thigmotaxis in Earwigs.- 2.15.3 Feeding Habits and Defence of the Earwigs.- 2.16 Order: Blattodea — Cockroaches (Insecta).- 2.16.1 Characteristics of the Soil-Dwelling Cockroaches.- 2.16.2 Antennae of the Epedaphic Cockroaches.- 2.16.3 The Legs of Epedaphic Cockroaches.- 2.17 Order: Ensifera — Long-Horned Grasshoppers and Crickets (Insecta).- 2.17.1 Forest- and Field-Dwelling Crickets.- 2.17.2 Hemiedaphic Life in Crickets.- 2.17.3 Sensory Hairs on the Cerci of Crickets.- 2.18 Order: Hemiptera (Insecta).- 2.18.1 Burrower Bugs (Cydnidae).- 2.18.2 Fossorial Life of the Hemiptera.- 2.18.3 Defensive Stink Glands in Bugs.- 2.18.4 Care of the Brood and Larval Development.- 2.19 Order: Planipennia (Insecta).- 2.19.1 Ant Lions (Myrmeleonidae).- 2.19.2 Sensory Perception in the Ant Lion.- 2.19.3 The Effect of Temperature on Ant Lions.- 2.20 Order: Coleoptera — Beetles (Insecta).- 2.20.1 Life Forms of the Soil-Dwelling Beetles.- 2.20.2 Tiger Beetle Larvae (Cicindelidae).- 2.20.3 Predatory Life of Tiger Beetle Larvae.- 2.20.4 Nutrition of the Epedaphic Ground Beetles (Carabidae).- 2.20.5 The Carabid Fauna of Central European Forests.- 2.20.6 Habitat Affinity of Carabid Beetles.- 2.20.7 Nutrition of Carabid Larvae.- 2.20.8 Life Forms of Carabid Larvae (Carabidae).- 2.20.9 The Bombardier Beetle: Brachinus crepitans (Carabidae).- 2.20.10 The Burrowing Ground Beetle: Dyschirius thoracicus (Carabidae).- 2.20.11 Necrophagous Beetles (Silphidae).- 2.20.12 Larvae of the Scydmaenidae (Ant Beetles).- 2.20.13 Anal Papillae of Beetle Larvae.- 2.20.14 Feather-Winged Beetles (Ptiliidae).- 2.20.15 Structural Features of the Hind Wings of the Ptiliidae.- 2.20.16 Life Forms of the Rove Beetles (Staphylinidae).- 2.20.17 Staphylinidae in the Forest Beetle Community.- 2.20.18 The Burrowing Rove Beetle: Bledius arenarius (Staphylinidae).- 2.20.19 Phenology of the Epedaphic Lathrimaeum atrocephalum — Staphylinidae (Rove Beetles).- 2.20.20 Phenology of the Epedaphic Atheta fungi — Staphylinidae (Rove Beetles).- 2.20.21 Larvae of the Rove Beetles (Staphylinidae).- 2.20.22 Digitiform Sensilla in Beetles and Their Larvae.- 2.20.23 The Common Glowworm Lampyris noctiluca (Lampyridae).- 2.20.24 Larvae of the Glowworm (Lampyridae).- 2.20.25 Larvae of the Soldier Beetles (Cantharidae).- 2.20.26 Structural Features of the Body of Soldier Beetle Larvae (Cantharidae).- 2.20.27 Larvae of the Click Beetles (Elateridae).- 2.20.28 Importance of the Elateridae Larvae to Soil Biology.- 2.20.29 Burrowing Heteroceridae (Hide Beetles).- 2.20.30 Coprophagous Dung Beetles (Scarabaeidae).- 2.20.31 Rhizophagous Weevils (Curculionidae).- 2.21 Order: Hymenoptera (Insecta).- 2.21.1 Soil-Dwelling Hymenoptera.- 2.21.2 The Wood Ant in the Woodland Ecosystem.- 2.21.3 Subterranean Ant Nests.- 2.21.4 The Erratic Ant Tetramorium caespitum.- 2.22 Order: Trichoptera — Caddisflies (Insecta).- 2.22.1 The Terrestrial Caddisfly: Enoicyla pusilla (Limnephilidae).- 2.22.2 Importance of Enoicyla pusilla to Soil Biology.- 2.22.3 Adaptation of Enoicyla pusilla to the Terrestrial Biotope.- 2.23 Order: Lepidoptera — Butterflies and Moths (Insecta).- 2.23.1 The Root-Boring Swift Moths (Hepialidae) and Earth- Dwelling Noctuids (Noctuidae).- 2.23.2 Bagworm Moths (Psychidae).- 2.24 Order: Mecoptera - Scorpionflies (Insecta).- 2.24.1 Snow Scorpionflies (Boreidae).- 2.24.2 Mating Behaviour of Snow Scorpionflies (Boreidae).- 2.24.3 Wingless Soil-Dwelling Insects.- 2.25 Order: Diptera — Flies (Insecta).- 2.25.1 Soil-Dwelling Diptera.- 2.25.2 Tipulidae Larvae (Crane Flies).- 2.25.3 Bioproductive Aspects of Tipulidae Larvae.- 2.25.4 The Snowfly Chionea lutescens (Limoniidae).- 2.25.5 The Structural Features of the Cold Stenothermic Snowflies.- 2.25.6 The Larvae of the Psychodidae (Moth Flies).- 2.25.7 The Larvae of the Ceratopogonidae (Biting Midges).- 2.25.8 The Larvae of the Chironomidae (Non-Biting Midges).- 2.25.9 Vertical Distribution of Terrestrial Chironomidae.- 2.25.10 Larvae of the Bibionidae (March Flies).- 2.25.11 Importance of Bibionidae Larvae to Soil Biology.- 2.25.12 Larvae of the Scatopsidae (Black Scavenger Flies).- 2.25.13 Larvae of the Stratiomyidae (Soldier Flies).- 2.25.14 Life of the Stratiomyidae Larvae.- 2.25.15 Larvae of the Asilidae (Robber Flies).- 2.25.16 Larvae of the Muscidae (Flies).- 2.25.17 Energy Turnover of Fannia polychaeta (Muscidae).- 3 Preparation Techniques for Scanning Electron Microscopy.- 3.1 Selection of Specimens.- 3.2 Fixation and Dehydration of the Specimens.- 3.3 Mounting and Sputtering of the Specimens.- 3.4 Microscopy.- References.- Index of Scientific Names.

O autorze

Prof. Dr. Gerhard Eisenbeis, geb. 1943 in Neunkirchen/Saar, studierte an der Johannes Gutenberg Universität in Mainz Biologie und Chemie für das Lehramt an höheren Schulen. 1974 Promotion und Übernahme der Leitung des Elektronenmikroskopischen Labors am Institut für Zoologie in Mainz, 1988 Habilitation über den Wasserhaushalt von Bodenarthropoden. Sein Interessensgebiet waren die Collembolen (Springschwänze), eine weit verbreitete Gruppe der Urinsekten und deren Anpassungen an spezielle Lebensbedingungen im Lückensystem des Bodens. Seit Ende der 90er Jahre verlagerte sich seine Forschung zu den nachtaktiven Insekten, die von künstlichen Lichtquellen angelockt werden und dort häufig zu Tode kommen. Mit seinen Arbeiten möchte er aufzeigen, dass die Lichttechnik Möglichkeiten bietet, diesem Phänomen entgegenzusteuern und einen Beitrag zum Schutz dieser Tiere zu leisten. Prof. Dr. Wilfried Wichard, geboren 1944, ist Direktor des Instituts für Biologie und deren Didaktik an der Universität zu Köln. Arbeitsschwerpunkte: Evolutionsbiologie (vor allem der Wasserinsekten) und die Paläobiologie (insbesondere der Insekten des Baltischen Bernsteins).