Atlas and Data of Solid-Solution Equilibria of Marine Evaporites

ISBN-13: 9783642643354 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 316 str.

Eberhard Usdowski; Martin Dietzel

Opis

Solid-solution equilibria of marine evaporites are important in a wide range of science and technology. However, the data had not yet been summarized in a form that is at the same time comprehensive and permits to understand how the quinary seawater system builds up from its bounding systems. Thus the goal of the present volume is at the same time scientific and educational. The understanding of solid-solution equilibria of the various systems with respect to dissolution, precipitation and transformation of solids, their application to the evolution of brines, and a fast access to data is a necessary requirement for any modelling, especially in Geoscience. Another goal is to show the avail ability of data. Unfortunately, though solubility data are numereous there are substantial gaps, especially with respect to high temperatures. But also up to about 100 0 C data are missing for some of the systems so that they cannot be described entirely. Based on the present volume further work on the solubili ties of the minerals of marine evaporites may be promoted. The data have been viewed and collected over several years by the first author. The second author entered the preparation of the volume when it was realized that besides graphics and tables a fast access to data was required. Although both authors are responsible for the whole volume, responsibility is weighted somewhat differently for the various parts."

Spis treści

I Introduction.- I.1 Purpose of the Volume.- I.2 Use of the Volume.- I.2.1 Derivation of Phase Diagrams from Solubility Data.- I.2.2 Data and Diagrams for Solid-Solution Equilibria.- I.2.3 The Computer Program SALSYS.- I.3 Handling of the Volume.- I.3.1 General Procedure.- I.3.2 Examples.- I.3.2.1 Binary Systems.- I.3.2.2 Ternary Systems.- I.3.2.3 Quaternary Systems.- I.3.2.4 The Quinary System.- I.4 Synopsis of Marine Evaporites and Solubility Data.- I.4.1 Salt Deposits.- I.4.2 Significance of Solubility Data.- I.4.3 Data Bases.- I.4.4 Individual Articles.- I.4.5 Comments.- I.4.5.1 Binary Systems.- I.4.5.2 Ternary Systems.- I.4.5.3 Quaternary Systems.- I.4.5.4 The Quinary System.- II Derivation of Phase Diagrams from Solubility Data.- II. 1 The Phase Rule.- II.2 The Binary System AX-H2O.- II.3 The Ternary System AX-BX-H2O.- II.3.1 Phase Diagrams.- II.3.2 Isothermal Evaporation and Dissolution.- II.3.3 Formation of a Compound.- II.4 Quaternary Systems.- II.4.1 Systems with a Common Ion.- II.4.2 Reciprocal Salt Pairs.- II.4.2.1 Phase Diagrams.- II.4.2.2 Concentrations.- II.4.2.3 Polytherms.- II.5 The Quinary System AX-BX-CX-AY-BY-CY-H2O.- II.5.1 Isotherms.- II.5.2 Concentrations.- II.5.3 Projections of Isotherms.- II.5.4 Polytherms.- II.6 Numerical Examples.- II.6.1 System 2.1 Na2Cl2-H2O.- II.6.1.1 Isothermal Evaporation.- II.6.1.2 Dissolution and Precipitation.- II.6.2 System 2.6 MgSO4-H2O.- II.6.2.1 Dissolution of Kieserite.- II.6.2.2 Precipitation of Hexahydrite.- II.6.3 System 3.1 Na2Cl2-K2Cl2-H2O.- II.6.3.1 Projections.- II.6.3.2 Isothermal Evaporation.- II.6.3.3 Polythermal Precipitation of Sylvite.- II.6.4 System 3.3 K2Cl2-MgCl2-H2O.- II.6.4.1 Isothermal Evaporation.- II.6.4.2 Dissolution of Carnallite.- II.6.5 System 4.1 Na2Cl2-K2Cl2-MgCl2-H2O.- II.6.5.1 Calculation of Ion Fractions from Concentrations.- II.6.6 System 4.2 Na2SO4-K2SO4-MgSO4-H2O.- II.6.6.1 Isothermal Evaporation.- II.6.6.2 Dissolution of Glaserite and Picromerite.- II.6.7 System 4.3 Na2Cl2-K2Cl2-Na2SO4-K2SO4-H2O.- II.6.7.1 Calculation of Ion Fractions from Concentrations.- II.6.7.2 Combinations of Concentrations.- II.6.7.3 Isothermal Evaporation.- II.6.8 System 4.4 Na2Cl2-MgCl2-Na2SO4-MgSO4-H2O.- II.6.8.1 Isothermal Evaporation.- II.6.8.2 Generation of a Solution from Hydrated Solids.- II.6.9 System 5 Na2Cl2-K2Cl2-MgCl2-Na2SO4-K2SO4-MgSO4-H2O.- II.6.9.1 Calculation of Ion Fractions from Concentrations.- II.6.9.2 Crystallization and Transition Lines.- II.6.9.3 Evaporation of Solution W.- II.6.9.4 Evaporation of Solution M.- II.6.9.5 Incongruent Dissolution of Bloedite and Carnallite.- II.6.9.6 Generation of a Solution from Hydrated Solids.- III Data and Diagrams for Solid-Solution Equilibria.- III.1 Compositions and Concentrations.- III. 1.1 Minerals and Seawater.- III. 1.2 Concentration Units.- III.2 Binary Systems.- III.2.1 Na2Cl2-H2O.- III.2.2 K2Cl2-H2O.- III.2.3 MgCl2-H2O.- III.2.4 Na2SO4-H2O.- III.2.5 K2SO4-H2O.- III.2.6 MgSO4-H2O.- III.3 Ternary Systems.- III.3.1 Na2Cl2-K2Cl2-H2O.- III.3.2 Na2Cl2-MgCl2-H2O.- III.3.3 K2Cl2-MgCl2-H2O.- III.3.4 Na2SO4-K2SO4-H2O.- III.3.5 Na2SO4-MgSO4-H2O.- III.3.6 K2S04-MgSO4-H2O.- III.3.7 Na2Cl2-Na2SO4-H2O.- III.3.8 K2Cl2-K2SO4-H2O.- III.3.9 MgCl2-MgSO4-H2O.- III.4 Quaternary Systems.- III.4.1 Na2Cl2-K2Cl2-MgCl2-H2O.- IIL4.2 Na2SO4-K2SO4-MgSO4-H2O.- III.4.3 Na2Cl2-K2Cl2-Na2SO4-K2SO4-H2O.- III.4.4 Na2Cl2-MgCl2-Na2SO4-MgSO4-H2O.- III.4.5 K2Cl2-MgCl2-K2SO4-MgSO4-H2O.- III.5 Quinary System Na2Cl2-K2Cl2-MgCl2-Na2SO4-K2SO4-MgS04-H2O.- IV Subject Index.

Blurb

The present volume provides an overview of the phase equilibria of marine evaporites and the solubilities of the alkaline and earth alkaline chlorides and sulfates which occur in salt deposits. The first part of the book explains how phase relations and their projections are derived from solubility data, how multicomponent systems are interrelated, and how numerical calculations with respect to precipitation and dissolution of solids are carried out. The second part describes the quinary seawater system and its pertinent 5 quaternary, 9 ternary, and 6 binary subsystems. The interrelation between the systems is illustrated by diagrams and tables. The attached computer program SALSYS allows easy and fast access to solubility data that are required by different fields.