"The volume is illustrated with a large number of figures ... making this work an excellent read for specialists in this area. ... The writing style is addressed to scholars and specialists, although the content could also be approached by general audiences with an interest in the subject. Furthermore, each chapter provides a thorough bibliography at the end which allows specialists and scholars a deeper approach to the specific topics presented in this volume." (Jose L. Casabán,Journal of Maritime Archaeology, September 20, 2021)

Introduction

Panel 1 Yuegang Outbound：The Archaeology of Yuegang as the Key Transit Terminal for Manila Galleon

1 Bound for America：A Historical and Archaeological Investigation in Yuegang (crescent) Seaport as the Main Origin of Galleon Cargo

Chunming Wu (吴春明 )

1.1 History: The Rising and Developing of the Yuegang Seaport as the Main Terminals Transiting Galleon Cargo in Mainland Eastern Asia

1.1.1 Yuegang Had Been the Intermediate Segment in the Successively Developing System of Ancient Seaports of the Min (闽) Area.

1.1.2 Yuegang-Manila Navigation Developed for the Trading with Spanish Galleon and Connecting with early Maritime Globalization

1.2 Archaeology: Cultural Heritages of Harbors, Shipwrecks and Kilns of Exported Ceramic Around Yuegang Region as the Result of Flourishing Navigation to Manila

1.2.1 A Preliminary Investigation of the Cultural Heritages of Yuegang

1.2.2 The Distribution and Content of Kilns of Exported Kraak Ceramics in the Lower Reach Watershed of Jiulongjiang River

1.2.3 Underwater Archaeology of the Shipwrecks Originally Destinating to Manila

1.3 Conclusion

References

2 The Cultural Change of Kilns and Content of Export Ceramics on the Perspective of Development of Zhangzhou Seaports during the Ming and Qing Dynasties

Miao Liu (刘淼)

2.1 The Rising of the Maritime Trade in Zhangzhou Bay in the Mid-Ming Dynasty and Its Maritime Transportation of Export Porcelains

2.2 The Flourishing of Yuegang in the Mid and Late Ming Dynasty and Its Exportation of Zhangzhou Kiln Products

2.3 The Emerging of the New Maritime Order in the Late Ming Dynasty and the Exportation of Jingdezhen Porcelains

2.4 The Maritime Transporting of Porcelain Controlled by the Koxinga Overseas Trade Group in the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

2.5 The Developing of Xiamen Seaport in Qing Dynasty and Its Transportation of Porcelains in the South China Sea

References

3 The Investigation and Preliminary Analysis of Nan'ao No.I Shipwreck in Guangdong

Chunshui Zhou (周春水)

3.1 The Remnants of Nan'ao No.I Shipwreck Site

3.1.1 The Discovery of Wooden Hull Structure

3.1.2 The Distribution of the Loaded Cargo

3.2 Category and Content of the Artifacts

3.2.1 Category of the Artifacts

3.2.2 Important Types of Exported Porcelain

3.2.3 Origins of the Porcelains of Nan'ao No.I Shipwreck

3.3 Discussions

3.3.1 Analysis on the Hull Structure of Nan'ao No.I Shipwreck

3.3.2 The Transportation of Jingdezhen Exported Porcelains on Perspective of Nan’ao No. I Shipwreck

3.3.3 The Reconstruction of Sea Route of Nan’ao No.I Shipwreck

References

4 A Historical Review on the Social-Cultural Impact of Yuegang-Manila Navigation on the Ancient Chinese Civilization.

Chunming Wu(吴春明)

4.1 The Domesticated Grains Imported from America Enriched Farming Products of Ancient China

4.1.1 Sweet Potato

4.1.2 Maize

4.1.3 Tomato

4.1.4 Tobacco

4.2 The Exotic Products from European and New Spain Promoted the Innovation of the Chinese Traditional Handcraft Industry

4.2.1 Silver Materials and Silver Coin of New Spain

4.2.2 Ferangi Firearm

4.3 The Influence of the European Architecture and the Emergence of the Red Brick Building in Southern Fujian and Eastern Guangdong.

4.4 Conclusion

References

Panel 2, Manila Entrepotting: Discovery of Galleon Trade Heritage at Manila, Macao, Keelung and Nagasaki

5 An Analysis on the Chinese Porcelain in the Manila Galleon Trades.

Guanyu Wang (王冠宇)

5.1 Background

5.2 Jingdezhen and Zhangzhou: Two Main Origins of the Chinese Porcelain Cargos

5.3 Jingdezhen Wares: the Beginning of the Trade of Porcelain by the Manila Galleon

5.4 The Rise of Zhangzhou Wares: the Variety of Porcelain Traded by the Manila Galleon

5.5 The Convergence and Diversity of Porcelain Wares: Production for the World Market

5.6 Conclusion

References

6 Fujian and Hizen Ware: A 17th Century Evidence of the Manila Galleon Trade Found from Selected Archaeological Sites in the Philippines.

Nida T. Cuevas

6.1 The Significance of Fujian and Hizen Ceramics in the Manila Galleon Maritime Exchange

6.2 Evidence of Fujian and Hizen ware in the Philippines

6.2.1 Porta Vaga in Cavite City

6.2.2 Intramuros

6.2.3 Boljoon Parish Church Site, Boljoon, Cebu

6.3 Discussion

References

7 Archaeological Researches on the Manila Galleon Wrecks in the Philippines.

Sheldon Clyde B. Jago-on, Bobby C. Orillaneda

7.1 Boat Building in the Philippines

7.2 Galleon Wrecks along the Route to and from the Embocadero

7.3 Summary of Manila-Acapulco Galleon-Related Surveys, Explorations and Excavations by the Underwater Archaeology Section of the National Museum

7.3.1 Espiritu Santo (1576) and San Geronimo (1601)

7.3.2 The San Diego (December 14, 1600)

7.3.3 NuestraSeñora de la Vida (1620)

7.3.4 The Encarnacion (1649)

7.3.5 The San Jose (1694)

7.3.6 Santo Cristo de Burgos (1726)

7.3.7 San Andres (1798)

7.4 Summary

References

8 The Kraak Porcelains Discovered from Taiwan and Macao, and Their Relationship with the Manila Galleon Trade

Taikang Lu (卢泰康)

8.1 Introduction

8.2 The Ceramic Transit Trade of the Dutch V.O.C. in Southern Taiwan

8.3 Chinese Ceramic Trade in Northern Taiwan

8.4 Kraak Porcelain Discovered in Macao

8.5 The Japanese Hizen Ware Trade in Taiwan in the Second Half of the 17th Century

8.6 Conclusion

References

9 Ceramics from Nagasaki: A Link to Manila Galleon Trade.

Etsuko Miyata

9.1, The Construction and Development of Nagasaki Seaport

9.2, Porcelains Excavated from Nagasaki Linking to Manila Galleon Trade

9.3, Fujianese Merchants Who Connected Nagasaki, Manila with Fujian

References

10 Searching for the San Francisco (1609), a Manila Galleon Sunk off the Japanese Coast.

Jun Kimura

10.1 Galleon Voyage in Asia and Japan’s Involvement

10.2 Loss of the San Francisco

10.3 Impacts of the Wreck Event and Material Evidence

10.4 Archaeological Search for the San Francisco

10.5 Discussion

10.6 Conclusion

References

Panel 3, Bound for Acapulco: The Archaeology of the Pacific and America as the Galleon navigation record

11 The Development of Humåtak Village: the Life-Line of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade.

Joseph Quinata

11.1 Humåtak Village: Manila Galleon Port

11.2 Cultural Exchange and Encounter

11.3 The Demise of the Manila Galleon Trade

11.4 Conclusion: Our History Our Legacy

References

12 Clues to Internationalism in the Manila Galleon Wreck of the Late 1570s in Baja California

Edward Von der Porter

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Chronology

12.3 Iberia and the Spanish Colonies

12.4 Southeast Asia

12.5 China and Overseas Chinese

12.6 Long-Term Internationalism

12.7 The Japan Trade

12.8 European Trade

12.9 Enigmas

12.10 The Years to Come

References

13 Archaeological Distribution of Chinese Porcelain in Mexico.

Patricia Fournier，Roberto Junco Sanchez

13.1 Historical Background

13.2 Chinese Porcelain in Mexico as a Research Topic

13.3 Archaeological Distribution of Chinese Porcelain in New Spain

13.4 Final Comments

References

14 The Chinese Porcelain from the Port of San Blas, Mexico.

Roberto Junco Sanchez, Guadalupe Pinzón, Etsuko Miyata

14.1 History of San Blas

14.2 The Porcelain Collection from Archaeological Work at San Blas

14.3 Conclusion

References

15 A Study of the Chinese Influence on Mexican Ceramics.

Karime Castillo, Patricia Fournier

15.1 Introduction

15.2 The Manila Galleon Trade

15.3 Chinese Porcelain in New Spain

15.4 Ceramic Production in Colonial Mexico

15.5 Chinese Influence on Colonial Mexican Ceramics

15.6 Discussion

15.7 Conclusion

References

Chunming Wu ( B.A. and M.A. in Archaeology and PH.D. in Chinese History from Xiamen University) is currently a researcher at Xiamen University’s Center for Maritime Archaeology. Dr. Wu’s interests are in the field of maritime archaeology, and the prehistoric culture and early aboriginal ethno- history of southeast China and Southeast Asia. He was awarded a visiting scholarship by the American Council of Learned Society & Luce Foundation at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and Harvard Yenching Institute, Harvard University.

He has published 6 monographs: Archaeological Research of the History and Cultures of Prehistoric Aboriginals in Southeast China (1999), Archaeological Research of Capital of Min-Yue Kingdom of Han Dynasty(1998), The Shipwreck Archaeology in Seas Surrounding China (2003), Maritime Archaeology (2007), The Maritime Cultural Interaction between Indigenous Yue and Austronesian (2012), The Archaeological and Historical Research on the Maritime Cultural Heritage (2016), and more than 150 academic papers.

Roberto Junco Sanchez is an archaeological researcher and underwater archaeologist. He graduated from the National School of Anthropology and History in Mexico City with a master’s degree and a PhD, and also holds a diploma in Historical Archaeology from Leicester University. Since 2004, he has worked at the Underwater Archaeology department at the National Institute of Anthropology and History. He has worked on projects in Veracruz, Campeche and Guerrero, and surveyed in the Gulf of Mexico for the lost galleons of the 1631 fleet. He has written on diverse topics, such as historical archaeology, Chinese porcelain in Mexico, and the prehispanic rituality of Mexico. He is currently excavating the Manila Galleonsat the port of Acapulco.

Miao Liu holds a PH.D. in Archaeology and Museology from Nankai University, and is an Associate Professor of Archaeology at the Department of History of Xiamen University. Her focus is maritime archaeology and the history of Chinese export ceramics. She was a Visiting Scholar at the Archaeology Institute of UCLA, USA. She has published numerous papers on the topic of maritime history, ceramic cultural history and southeast China’s Maritime Silk Road.

This book focuses on the archaeological and historical research on the seaport heritage of galleon navigation in Asia-Pacific region. It reconstructs the Manila Galleons’ era of early maritime globalization, established and operated by Spanish navigators from the 16th to 19th centuries. The galleons sailed across the Pacific via the hub seaports and trade centers of Manila in the Philippines and Acapulco in Mexico, forming a prosperous sea route connecting eastern Asia and New Spain on the American continent for more than 250 years. This pioneering navigation of the pan-Pacific regions promoted early global maritime trade along the new Maritime Silk Road between the East and the West.

Written by archaeologists and cultural historians from America, Mexico, Japan, the Philippines, Mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, it presents the latest investigations and research on the galleon-affiliated seaports, including Acapulco and San Blas in Mexico, Guam, Manila in Philippines, Yuegang (Crescent Harbor), Xiamen (Amoy), Keelung and Macao in China, Nagasaki in Japan. This joint research sheds new light on the history of navigation and maritime trade between galleon-affiliated harbors; the origin, production, transport and trade of the galleon cargo; social cultural exchange along the new Maritime Silk Road in the pan-Pacific region; and the history of maritime globalization in last 500 years. It offers a new perspective on maritime archaeology and traces the different stages of the galleon trade and affiliated maritime history, including "Yuegang Outbound", "Manila Entrepotting" and "Bound for Acapulco", presenting a panoramagram of Spanish pan-Pacific trade and early maritime globalization.

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