Applied Veterinary Clinical Nutrition

ISBN-13: 9781119375142 / Angielski / Twarda / 2023 / 508 str.

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List of Contributors xxPreface xxiiiAcknowledgments xxiv1 Integration of Nutrition into Clinical Practice 1Sean J. Delaney, Andrea J. Fascetti, Jennifer A. Larsen, and Paul BrentsonIntroduction 1Average Revenue from Food Sales and the Potential 1Strategies to Increase Product Sales 2Recommending an Effective Therapeutic Food 2Establishing Expectations 2Performing a Nutritional Assessment 3Monitoring Patient Response 3Providing a Variety of Options 3Recommending Therapeutic Treats 4Recommending Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements 4Creating or Increasing Revenue from Nutritional Advice 4Nutritional Advice for Healthy Patients 5Nutritional Advice for Unhealthy Patients 7References 72 Basic Nutrition Overview 8Sean J. Delaney and Andrea J. FascettiEnergy 8Energy Requirements 9Essential Nutrients 9Protein and Amino Acids 10Fat 12Carbohydrates 13Minerals 13Macrominerals 13Trace Minerals (Microminerals) 14Vitamins 14Water Soluble 14Fat Soluble 14Storage Pools for Essential Nutrients 15Essential Nutrient Deficiency Signs and Clinically Available or Relevant Methods of Assessing Nutrient Status 15Protein 16Amino Acids 16Arginine 16Histidine 16Isoleucine 16Leucine 16Lysine 16Methionine (Spared by Cystine) 16Phenylalanine (Spared by Tyrosine) 17Threonine 17Tryptophan 17Valine 17Taurine 17Fat 17Linoleic Acid 17Arachidonic Acid (Cat, Not Dog) 18Minerals 18Macrominerals (Typically Required at 100 mg/Mcal) 18Calcium 18Phosphorus 18Magnesium 18Sodium 18Potassium 18Chloride 19Microminerals (Typically Required atIron 19Copper 19Zinc 19Manganese 19Selenium 19Iodine 19Vitamins 20Fat-Soluble Vitamins 20Vitamin A 20Vitamin d 20Vitamin E 20Vitamin K 20Water-Soluble Vitamins 20Thiamin, Vitamin B 1 20Riboflavin, Vitamin B 2 21Pyridoxine, Vitamin B 6 21Niacin, Vitamin B 3 21Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B 5 21Cobalamin, Vitamin B 12 21Folic Acid, Vitamin B 9 22Biotin, Vitamin H or B 7 22Choline 22Diagnostic and Food Analysis Laboratories and Diet Computer Analysis 25Nutrient Requirements 25Key Clinical Nutritional Excesses and Signs 26Additional Education on Nutrition 27References 273 Determining Energy Requirements 29Jon J. RamseyUnits 29Basic Concepts and Terminology 30Diet Records or History 32Calculating the Energy Content of a Diet 33Practical Equations for Predicting the Metabolizable Energy Content of Dog and Cat Foods 37Calculating Energy Requirement from Body Weight 39Methods of Determining Energy Expenditure and Energy Requirements 39Methods of Calculating Energy Expenditure and Energy Requirements 42Energy Requirements for Maintenance 42Example Calculation 47Example Calculation 48Example Calculation 48Energy Requirements for Growth 48Example Calculation 50Energy Requirements for Pregnancy and Lactation 51Example Calculation 52Calculating Energy Requirements in States of Disease 53Summary 55References 564 Nutritional and Energy Requirements for Performance 58Richard C. HillHow Much Should Exercising Dogs Be Fed? 58Energy Requirements for Performance and Work 59Types of Exercise and Nutrient Requirements 62The Importance of Training 64Nutritional Recommendations for Dogs Undertaking Different Types of Exercise 64Long-Distance Submaximal Aerobic Exercise 65Short-Distance Supramaximal Anaerobic Exercise 66Fluid and Electrolyte Requirements, Hydration, and "Sports Drinks" 67Antioxidants 68Other Vitamins, Trace Minerals, and Other Essential Nutrients 68Other Nutritional Supplements 68Time of Feeding 69Summary 69References 695 Pet Food and Supplement Regulations: Practical Implications 72David A. Dzanis and Isabel MarzoUS Regulation 72US Regulation of Pet Foods and Supplements 72Definitions, Abbreviations, and Acronyms 72US Regulatory Oversight 73General Labeling Requirements 74Labeling Claims 77Descriptive Terms 77Supplements 78Therapeutic Pet Foods 79Dog Chews 83Summary 83European Union Regulation 83Definitions, Abbreviations, and Acronyms 84General Pet Food Regulations 85Complementary Pet Food: Composition, Uses, and Labeling 86Feed Additives 87Claims 87Labeling 87Dietetic Pet Food 90Practical Implications 95Summary 96References 966 Using Pet Food Labels and Product Guides 98Sean J. Delaney and Andrea J. Fascetti"Reading" a Pet Food Label 98Overview of Regulatory Oversight 98Principal Display Panel or Front Display Panel 98Product Name 99Back Panel 99Nutritional Adequacy 100Ingredient Declaration 100Nutrient Concentrations or Guaranteed Analysis 101Company's Contact Information 101Feeding Directions or Guidelines 101Calorie Content 101Caloric Distribution Calculation 102Using Product Brochures and Guides 103Converting Nutrient Concentrations to a Dry Matter Basis 103Converting Nutrient Concentrations to an Energy Basis 104Converting to Other Units 104Product Guide Recommendations for Conditions and Diseases 104Summary 105Recommended Resources 1057 Feeding the Healthy Dog and Cat 106Andrea J. Fascetti and Sean J. DelaneyFeeding the Healthy Dog and Cat 108How Much to Feed 108When and How to Feed 112Free-Choice (Ad Libitum, Self-Feeding) 112Time-Restricted Meal Feeding 113Portion-Controlled Feeding 113Snacks and Treats 113Jerky Treats and Fanconi Syndrome in Dogs 115What to Feed 116Feeding Guidelines for Different Life Stages 117Gestation and Lactation 117Cats 117Dogs 118Supplementation during Gestation and Lactation 119Assessment 119Growth 119Orphan Kittens and Puppies 119Assessment 120Weaning to Adult 120Kittens 120Puppies 120Neutering and the Prevention of Weight Gain in Kittens and Puppies 121Assessment 122Adult Cats and Dogs 122Assessment 122Senior Dogs and Cats 122Physiological Changes Associated with Aging 123Nutrient Requirements of Older Pets 126Feeding Recommendations for Mature Dogs and Cats 128Summary 129References 1298 Commercial and Home-Prepared Diets 136Andrea J. Fascetti and Sean J. DelaneyIntroduction 136Commercial Diets 136Types of Pet Foods 136Dry Food 136Moist Foods 137Semi-Moist Foods 137Raw 138Terminology 138Market Segments 140Commercial Dog and Cat Diet Formulation and Considerations 140Ingredient Database Population 140Ingredient Safety and Legality First 140Ingredient Regulatory Considerations 141Ingredient Availability and Cost 141Establishing Reliable Nutrient Profiles for Ingredients 142Ingredient Procurement 143Sustainability 143Consistency 143Ingredient Declaration 144Formulation Software 144Options 144Limitations 145Equipment 145Extruder 145Canning/Retorting Line 146Availability of Pilot Plant or Line 146Guaranteed Analysis Target 146Ingredient Declaration Order 147Functionality 147Shelf Life 147Palatability 148Least Cost 148Stool Quality and Digestibility 149Labeling 149Continuous Improvement 149Home-Prepared Diets 150Nutritional Adequacy 150Managing Patients Using Home-Prepared Diets 154Protein and Amino Acids 154Fatty Acids 155Carbohydrates 156Vitamin and Mineral Supplements 156General Considerations 156Assessment while on a Home-Prepared Diet 158Raw Food Feeding 158Summary 160References 1609 Nutritional Management of Body Weight 163Kathryn E. Michel and Robert C. BackusThe Health Consequences of Overweightness and Obesity 164Obesity as a Risk Factor for Canine Orthopedic Disease 164Obesity as a Risk Factor for Feline Diabetes Mellitus 164Additional Health Risks of Obesity in Dogs and Cats 165Increasing Awareness of Overweightness and Obesity 165Targeting Optimal Weight 166Body Condition Scoring 166Understanding the Risk Factors for Weight Gain 170Accurate Accounting of Caloric Intake 171Formulation of the Weight-Loss Plan 172Dietary Considerations 173Exercise 176Tailoring the Program to the Patient 176Assessment of the Weight-Loss Plan 177Safety and Efficacy of Weight-Loss Programs for Companion Animals 177Adjustment of the Weight-Loss Plan 178Summary 180References 18010 Nutritional Management of Orthopedic Diseases 186Herman HazewinkelBone Composition and Calciotropic Hormones 186Chemical Composition of Bone 187Mineral Composition During Growth 188Hormonal Regulation of Calcium 189The Role of Nutrition During Skeletal Growth and Development 192Energy 192Calcium, Phosphorus, and Vitamin d 193Calcium Deficiency 193Phosphorus Deficiency 198Vitamin D Deficiency (Rickets or Hypovitaminosis D) 198Deficiency of Other Trace Minerals 201Calcium Excess (Alimentary Hypercalcitoninism) 201Vitamin D Excess 205Vitamin A Excess 206Nutrient Requirements for Skeletal Maintenance in Adult Animals 208Implementation of Nutrition in Clinical Orthopedics 210Influence of Nutrition in the Occurrence of Orthopedic Diseases 211Elbow Dysplasias 211Role of Nutrition in Elbow Dysplasias 212Hip Dysplasia 213Nutritional Influences Seen in Hip Dysplasia 214Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy (or Metaphyseal Osteopathy) in Dogs 216Prevention of Nutritionally Related Orthopedic Diseases 217Diets to Support Treatment of Patients with Osteoarthrosis 218Causative Role of Nutrition 219Therapeutic Role of Nutrition 220Osteoarthrosis in Cats 225Summary 226References 22611 Nutritional Management of Gastrointestinal Diseases 235Nick Cave, Sean J. Delaney, and Jennifer A. LarsenKey Dietary Variables 235Protein 235Glutamine 236Fat 236Fiber and Prebiosis 237Fiber Viscosity 239Fiber as a Luminal Adsorbent 239Fiber Fermentability 240Effects of Short-Chain Volatile Fatty Acids on the Colon 240Effects of Butyrate on Intestinal Immunity 241Effect of Fiber on Intestinal Flora: Prebiosis 241Choice of Fiber 242Immune Response to Dietary Antigens (Oral Tolerance) 243Immunologic Basis for Oral Tolerance 243Loss of Tolerance to Dietary Antigens 244Food Immunogenicity 245Acute Gastrointestinal Disease 246Withholding Food for Acute Non-specific Gastroenteritis 246Provides Bowel Rest 247Reduces the Risk of Vomiting 247Decreases Bacterial Proliferation 248Decreases Osmotic Diarrhea 248Decreases Presence of Food Antigens 248Benefits of Luminal Nutrition in Acute Gastroenteritis 248Intestinal Recovery and Adaptation 249Effect of Luminal Nutrients on Inflammation 249Veterinary Evidence 251Recommendations 252Chronic Gastrointestinal Disease 254Periodontal Disease 254Periodontitis in Feral and Wild Animals 255Evidence of the Protective Effect of Chewing Activities 255Dental Diets 256The Effect of Gingival Stimulation 257The Influence of Diet on Saliva and the Flora 258Recommendations 258Esophageal Disease 259Motility Disorders and Megaesophagus 259Esophagitis 259Small Intestinal Disease 261Chronic Intestinal Inflammation and Idiopathic Enteropathy 261Protein-Losing Enteropathies 270Adverse Food Reactions and Food-Responsive Enteropathy 270Short Bowel Syndrome 271Large Intestinal Disease 273Colitis 273Acute Colitis 273Chronic Colitis 274Idiopathic Large-Bowel Diarrhea 275Constipation and Megacolon 276Intestinal Gas and Flatulence 277Intestinal Gas Transit and Borborygmus 277Flatulence 277Summary 279References 28012 Nutritional Management of Exocrine Pancreatic Diseases 299Cecilia Villaverde and Marta HerveraPancreatitis 300Pathophysiology 301Nutritional Management 302Controversies Regarding Nutritional Management 302When to Start Feeding in Acute Pancreatitis? 302How Low Is a "Low-Fat" Diet? 303Does Fat Have to Be Restricted in Canine Acute Pancreatitis? 304How Important Is Fat Restriction in Feline Pancreatitis? 304Dietary Management 304When to Feed 305Route of Feeding 305Diet Selection 306Energy Requirements 307Long-Term Management 307Foods to Avoid in Chronic Pancreatitis 308Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency 309Pathophysiology 309Nutritional Management 310Controversies Regarding Nutritional Management 310Is a Low-Fat Diet Important for Management? 310Are Medium-Chain Triglycerides Preferred over Long-Chain Triglycerides? 311Dietary Management 311Summary 313References 31313 Nutritional Management of Hepatobiliary Diseases 319Stanley L. Marks and Aarti KathraniMetabolic Alterations in Liver Failure 319Carbohydrate Metabolic Alterations 320Protein and Amino Acid Metabolic Alterations 321Lipid Metabolic Alterations 322Vitamin and Mineral Abnormalities 322Malnutrition in Liver Disease 324Nutritional Management of Common Hepatobiliary Disorders 324Feline Idiopathic Hepatic Lipidosis 325Energy 325Protein 326Potassium 327l-Carnitine 327Cyanocobalamin/Vitamin B 12 328Other Nutrient Considerations 328Copper-Associated Hepatotoxicity in Dogs 328Energy 329Dietary Copper Restriction 329Pharmacologic Reduction of Copper 330Antioxidants 331Portosystemic Shunts and Hepatic Encephalopathy 332Dietary Protein 334Nonabsorbable Disaccharides 335Antimicrobials 336Chronic Hepatitis 336Summary 337References 33714 Nutritional Management of Skin Diseases 345Catherine A. Outerbridge and Tammy J. OwensEvaluation of Diet in the Context of Dermatologic Disease 345Nutritional Deficiencies and Excesses 346Protein 346Essential Fatty Acids 348Zinc 350Zinc-Responsive Dermatoses 350Zinc-Unresponsive Lethal Acrodermatitis in White Bull Terriers 353Copper 354Vitamin A 354Vitamin E 355Vitamin B Complex 356Vitamin c 358Generic Dog Food Dermatosis 358Skin Diseases That Benefit from Nutritional or Dietary Management 359Cutaneous Adverse Food Reactions 359Clinical Signs 360Diagnosis and Treatment 362Cutaneous Xanthomatosis 366Superficial Necrolytic Dermatitis 366Clinical Presentation 369Diagnosis and Treatment 371Nutritional Supplementation for Management of Skin Disease 372Fatty Acid Supplementation 372Zinc Supplementation for Skin Disease 376B Vitamin Supplementation 376Vitamin A-Responsive Skin Diseases 376Vitamin E-Responsive Skin Diseases 377Therapeutic Diets for Skin Health 377Summary 378References 37815 Nutritional Management of Kidney Disease 384Yann Queau and Denise A. ElliottChronic Kidney Disease 384Water 384Energy 385Protein 385Stage I/II: Progression 385Stage III/IV: Uremia 386Phosphate 387Electrolytes 389Sodium 389Potassium 390Acid-Base Balance 391Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids 392Fiber 393Antioxidants 393Nutrients That Target the Endothelium 394Clinical Efficacy 395Administration 396Concurrent Diseases 396Home-Prepared Diets 397Monitoring 397Acute Kidney Injury 398Glomerular Disease 400Fanconi Syndrome 401Conclusion 401Summary 402References 40216 Nutritional Management of Lower Urinary Tract Disease 412Joe Bartges and Ronald J. CorbeeCrystal-Related Lower Urinary Tract Disease 412Urolithiasis 413Calcium Oxalate 413Struvite 420Purines 423Cystine 428Compound Uroliths 429Surgically and Minimally Invasive Management of Uroliths 430Matrix-Crystalline Urethral Plugs 430Idiopathic Cystitis 431Urinary Tract Infections 432Summary 433References 43317 Nutritional Management of Endocrine Diseases 441Andrea J. Fascetti and Sean J. DelaneyDiabetes Mellitus 441Nutritional Factors 441Water 441Energy 442Fiber 442Fat 444Protein 444Digestible Carbohydrates 444Minerals and Vitamins 446Food Type 447Feeding Recommendations and Assessment 447Hyperlipidemia 448Classification and Etiology 448Clinical Signs and Diagnosis 449Management and Assessment 449Hypothyroidism and Hyperadrenocorticism in Dogs 451Dietary Hyperthyroidism in Dogs 452Feline Hyperthyroidism and Idiopathic Hypercalcemia 453Hyperthyroidism 453Feline Idiopathic Hypercalcemia 454Summary 455References 45518 Nutritional Management of Cardiovascular Diseases 461Lisa M. Freeman and John E. RushFeeding the Cat with Cardiac Disease 461Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 462Dilated Cardiomyopathy 465Hypertension 467Feeding the Dog with Cardiac Disease 467Asymptomatic Cardiac Disease (Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease, Dilated Cardiomyopathy, or Other Cardiac Diseases; American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine [ACVIM] Stage B) 467Mild to Moderate Congestive Heart Failure (ACVIM Stage C) 468Cardiac Cachexia 468n-3 Fatty Acids 471Sodium 472Potassium and Magnesium 472Antioxidants 472Arginine 473Advanced Congestive Heart Failure (ACVIM Stage D) 473Additional Supplements for Dogs with Cardiac Disease 474Taurine 474l-Carnitine 475Coenzyme Q 10 475Vitamin d 475Hypertension 476General Nutritional Issues for Dogs and Cats with Cardiac Disease 476Summary 477References 47819 Nutritional Management of Oncologic Diseases 484Glenna E. MauldinCancer-Associated Malnutrition 484Weight Loss and Cachexia in Humans with Cancer 484Weight Loss and Cachexia in Cats and Dogs with Cancer 486Obesity in Humans with Cancer 487Obesity in Cats and Dogs with Cancer 489Canine Mammary Tumors and Obesity 489Nutritional Management of Cats and Dogs with Cancer 490Energy 490Calorie Sources 492Protein and Amino Acids 493Assisted Feeding 495Other Nutrients for Cats and Dogs with Cancer 497Omega-3 (n-3) Fatty Acids 497Vitamin d 498Antioxidants 500Nutritional Fads 502Supplements and Nutraceuticals 502Feeding Raw Foods to Cats and Dogs with Cancer 503Summary 503References 50420 Enteral Nutrition and Tube Feeding 515Jennifer A. LarsenThe Case for Enteral Feeding 515Nutritional Support of Veterinary Patients 515When to Intervene 516General Contraindications 518Enteral Feeding Devices 519Nasoenteral Feeding Tubes 519Pharyngostomy Feeding Tubes 520Esophagostomy Feeding Tubes 520Gastrostomy Feeding Tubes 522Jejunal Feeding Tubes 523Beginning Enteral Feeding 525Diet Choices 526Immunomodulating Nutrients 527Glutamine 529Arginine 530Other Nutrients 530Calculation of Energy Requirements 531Complications 531Mechanical Complications 532Metabolic Complications 534Gastrointestinal Complications 535Transitioning Patients to Voluntary Intake 537Summary 537References 53721 Parenteral Nutrition 546Sally C. PereaHistory 546Assessment of Nutritional Status and Patient Selection 547Nomenclature 551Determination of Administration Route 551Catheter Selection and Placement 552Parenteral Nutrition Components 553Protein 553Fat 555Carbohydrate 556Electrolytes and Trace Minerals 557Vitamins 558Energy Requirements 559Formulation Calculations 560Compounding 561Initiating Parenteral Nutrition 562Monitoring Guidelines 563Complications 563Metabolic Complications 563Mechanical Complications 566Septic Complications 567Discontinuing ParenteralNutrition 568Summary 568References 56922 Abridged Clinical Nutrition Topics for Companion Avian Species 574Elizabeth Koutsos and Brian SpeerWater 574Clinical and Welfare Considerations Associated with Water 575Energy 575Sources of Energy 576Clinical Issues Associated with Energy Imbalance: Obesity 576Food-Based Enrichment 577Amino Acids and Protein 578Clinical Issues with Protein/Amino Acids 578Essential Fatty Acids and Lipids 579Clinical Issues Associated with Lipid Nutrition: Atherosclerosis 579Vitamins 581Clinical Issues Associated with Vitamin Nutrition 581Minerals 582Clinical Issues Associated with Mineral Nutrition 582Other Clinical Nutrition Issues 583Nutrition and Feather-Damaging Behaviors 583Appropriate Diets for Birds and Their Role in Animal Well-Being 584Conclusions 585References 58523 Nutrition for Small Mammalian Companion Herbivores and Carnivores 590Jonathan Stockman and Olivia A. PetritzGeneral Nutrition for Small Mammalian Companion Herbivores 590Lagomorphs (Rabbits) and Caviomorphs (Chinchillas and Guinea Pigs) 590Gastrointestinal Physiology and Anatomic Features 591Rabbit, Chinchilla, and Guinea Pig Normal Diet 592Protein 592Carbohydrate and Fiber 593Hay and Other Plant Considerations 594Fat 595Vitamins and Minerals 595Water 596General Warning about Energy-Dense Foods and Treats 596Nutrition-Related Diseases of Small Mammalian Companion Herbivores 597Lagomorphs (Rabbits) and Caviomorphs (Chinchillas and Guinea Pigs) 597Dental Disease and Malocclusion 597Obesity 598Gastrointestinal Stasis or Ileus 599Urolithiasis 599Critical Care Nutrition for Small Mammalian Companion Herbivores 600Energy Calculations for Rabbits, Chinchillas, and Guinea Pigs 601General Nutrition for Small Mammalian Carnivores 602Ferrets 602Digestive Physiology 602Nutrition-Related Diseases of Small Mammalian Companion Carnivores 602Ferrets and Considerations for Mink 602Marine Food Sources: Hypovitaminosis E/Nutritional Steatitis, Thiamine Deficiency, and Salt Toxicity 602Considerations for Mink 602Nutrition-Related Diseases of Small Mammalian Carnivores 603Ferrets 603Obesity 603Urolithiasis 603Ferret Pancreatic Islet Beta-Cell Tumor (Insulinoma) 605Inflammatory Bowel Disease 605Critical Care Nutrition for Small Mammalian Companion Carnivores 606Ferrets 606References 606Index 610

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The EditorsAndrea J. Fascetti, VMD, PhD, DACVIM (SAIM & Nutrition), is a Professor of Nutrition at the Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of California, Davis, in Davis, California, USA.Sean J. Delaney, DVM, MS, DACVIM (Nutrition), is the Founder at Balance It(r), a DBA of Davis Veterinary Medical Consulting, Inc. in Davis, California, USA.Jennifer A. Larsen, DVM, MS, PhD, DACVIM (Nutrition), is a Professor of Clinical Nutrition at the Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis in Davis, California, USA.Cecilia Villaverde, BVSc, PhD, DACVIM (Nutrition), DECVCN, is a small animal nutrition consultant at Expert Pet Nutrition and VIN (Veterinary Information Network).