Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization: Types, Action, and Resistance

ISBN-13: 9781555819675 / Angielski / Twarda / 2017 / 432 str.

Gerald E. McDonnell

Opis

An examination of the various chemical and physical antisepsis, disinfection, and sterilization methods used for infection prevention and contamination control. - Presents a comprehensive review of the various chemical and physical antisepsis, disinfection, and sterilization methods, including types, practical uses, the spectrum of activity, advantages, disadvantages, and modes of action. - Offers background information on microbiology, including a discussion of the spectrum of action, determination of efficacy, and common variables that affect the performance of antisepsis, disinfection, and sterilization methods. - Covers the mechanisms of action of biocides in four general groups: oxidizing agents, cross-linking agents, action by transfer of energy, and other structure-disrupting agents. - Explores the demonstrated natural and acquired mechanisms that microorganisms employ to resist the biocidal effects of chemical and physical processes. - Serves as a reference for microbiologists, chemists, facilities managers, health care professionals, infection and contamination control practitioners, application engineers, and students.

Spis treści

Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 General introduction 11.2 Definitions 21.3 General microbiology 61.3.1 Introduction 61.3.2 Eukaryotes & prokaryotes 61.3.3 Eukaryotes 61.3.3.1 Multicellular eukaryotes 61.3.3.2 Fungi 81.3.3.3 Algae 131.3.3.4 Protozoa 131.3.4 Prokaryotes 141.3.4.1 Eubacteria 141.3.4.2 Archaea 261.3.5 Viruses 281.3.6 Prions 331.3.7 Toxins 341.4 General considerations 361.4.1 Microbial resistance 361.4.2 Evaluation of efficacy 381.4.2.1 Suspension testing 381.4.2.2 Surface testing 431.4.2.3 In-use testing 451.4.2.4 Biological, checmical, and other indicators 461.4.2.5 Parametric control 491.4.2.6 Microscopy and other techniques 491.4.3 Disinfection versus Sterilization 501.4.4 Choosing a process or product 521.4.5 Guidelines and standards 531.4.6 Formulation effects 531.4.7 Process effects 551.4.8 The importance of surface cleaning 571.4.9 Water quality 59Chapter 2 Physical Disinfection2.1 Introduction 612.2 Heat 612.2.1 Types 612.2.2 Applications 632.2.3 Spectrum of Activity 662.2.4 Advantages 672.2.5 Disadvantages 672.2.6 Mode of Action 682.3 Cold temperatures 682.4 Radiaton 682.4.1 Isotopes 682.4.2 Electromagnetic Radiation 692.4.3 Types 712.4.3.1 Ultraviolet 712.4.3.2 Infrared 722.4.3.3 Microwaves 722.4.4 Applications 732.4.4.1 UV 732.4.4.2 Infrared 742.4.4.3 Microwaves 742.4.5 Spectrum of Activity 742.4.5.1 UV 742.4.5.2 Infrared 752.4.5.3 Microwaves 752.4.6 Advantages 752.4.6.1 UV 762.4.6.2 Infrared 762.4.6.3 Microwaves 762.4.7 Disadvantages 762.4.7.1 UV 762.4.7.2 Infrared 762.4.7.3 Microwaves 762.4.8 Mode of Action 762.4.8.1 UV 762.4.8.2 Infrared 772.4.8.3 Microwaves 772.5 Filtration 772.5.1 Types and applications 772.5.2 Spectrum of activity 822.5.3 Advantages 842.5.4 Disadvantages 842.5.5 Mode of action 74Chapter 3 Chemical Disinfection3.1 Introduction 853.2 Acids and acid derivatives 853.2.1 Types 853.2.2 Applications 873.2.3 Spectrum of activity 883.2.4 Advantages 883.2.5 Disadvantages 883.2.6 Mode of action 893.3 Alkalis or bases 893.3.1 Types 893.3.2 Applications 903.3.3 Spectrum of activity 903.3.4 Advantages 903.3.5 Disadvantages 913.3.6 Mode of action 913.4 Aldehydes 913.4.1 Types 913.4.2 Applications 903.4.2.1 Glutaraldehyde and Opa 913.4.2.2 Formaldehyde 923.4.3 Spectrum of Activity 933.4.3.2 Formaldehyde 943.4.4 Advantages 943.4.2.1 Glutaraldehyde and Opa 943.4.2.2 Formaldehyde 943.4.5 Disadvantages 953.4.2.1 Glutaraldehyde and Opa 953.4.2.2 Formaldehyde 953.4.6 Mode of Action 953.4.2.1 Glutaraldehyde and Opa 953.4.2.2 Formaldehyde 973.5 Alcohols 973.5.1 Types 973.5.2 Applications 973.5.3 Spectrum of Activity 983.5.4 Advantages 983.5.5 Disadvantages 993.5.6 Mode of Action 993.6 Anilides 993.6.1 Types 993.6.2 Applications 1003.6.3 Spectrum of Activity 1003.6.4 Advantages 1003.6.5 Disadvantages 1003.6.6 Mode of Action 1003.7 Antimicrobial dyes 1013.7.1 Types 1013.7.2 Applications 1013.7.3 Spectrum of activity 1023.7.4 Advantages 1033.7.5 Disadvantages 1033.7.6 Mode of action 1033.8 Biguanides 1043.8.1 Types 1043.8.2 Applications 1043.8.3 Spectrum of activity 1053.8.4 Advantages 1063.8.5 Disadvantages 1063.8.6 Mode of action 1063.9 Diamidines 1073.9.1 Types 1073.9.2 Applications 1073.9.3 Spectrum of activity 1073.9.4 Advantages 1083.9.5 Disadvantages 1083.9.6 Mode of action 1083.10 Essential oils and plant extracts 1083.10.1 Types 1083.10.2 Applications 1093.10.3 Spectrum of activity 1093.10.4 Advantages 1103.10.5 Disadvantages 1103.10.6 Mode of action 1103.11 Halogens and halogen-releasing agents 1113.11.1 Types 1113.11.2 Applications 1153.11.2.1 Iodine 1153.11.2.2 Chlorine 1163.11.2.3 Bromine 1173.11.3 Spectrum of activity 1173.11.3.1 Iodine 1173.11.3.2 Chlorine 1173.11.3.3 Bromine 1183.11.4 Advantages 1183.11.4.1 Iodine 1183.11.4.2 Chlorine 1183.11.4.3 Bromine 1183.11.5 Disadvantages 1193.11.5.1 Iodine 1193.11.5.2 Chlorine 1193.11.5.3 Bromine 1193.11.6 Mode of action 1203.11.6.1 Iodine 1203.11.6.2 Chlorine 1203.11.6.3 Bromine 1213.12 Metals 1213.12.1 Types 1213.12.2 Applications 1223.12.2.1 Copper 1223.12.2.2 Silver 1233.12.3 Spectrum of activity 1233.12.3.1 Copper 1233.12.3.2 Silver 1243.12.4 Advantages 1243.12.4.1 Copper 1243.12.4.2 Silver 1243.12.5 Disadvantages 1243.12.5.1 Copper 1243.12.5.2 Silver 1243.12.6 Mode of action 1253.12.6.1 Copper 1253.12.6.2 Silver 1253.13 Peroxygens and other forms of oxygen 1263.13.1 Types 1263.13.2 Applications 1293.13.2.1 Ozone 1293.13.2.2 Hydrogen peroxide 1303.13.2.3 PAA 1343.13.2.4 Chlorine dioxide 1353.13.3 Spectrum of activity 1363.13.3.1 Ozone 1363.13.3.2 Hydrogen peroxide 1373.13.3.3 PAA 1383.13.3.4 Chlorine dioxide 1393.13.4 Advantages 1393.13.4.1 Ozone 1393.13.4.2 Hydrogen peroxide 1393.13.4.3 PAA 1403.13.4.4 Chlorine dioxide 1403.13.5 Disadvantages 1403.13.5.1 Ozone 1403.13.5.2 Hydrogen peroxide 1403.13.5.3 PAA 1413.13.5.4 Chlorine dioxide 1413.13.6 Mode of action 1423.13.6.1 Ozone 1423.13.6.2 Hydrogen peroxide 1423.13.6.3 PAA 1433.13.6.4 Chlorine dioxide 1433.14 Phenolics 1433.14.1 Types 1443.14.2 Applications 1443.14.3 Spectrum of activity 1453.14.4 Advantages 1453.14.5 Disadvantages 1463.14.6 Mode of action 1463.15 Antiseptic phenolics 1473.15.1 Types 1473.15.2 Applications 1483.15.3 Antimicrobial activity 1493.15.4 Advantages 1503.15.5 Disadvantages 1513.15.6 Mode of action 1523.15.6.1 Triclosan 1523.15.6.2 Chloroxylenol 1543.15.6.3 Salicyclic acid 1543.16 Quaternary ammonium compounds and surfactants 1553.16.1 Types 1553.16.2 Applications 1563.16.3 Antimicrobial efficacy 1573.16.4 Advantages 1583.16.5 Disadvantages 1583.16.6 Mode of action 1583.17 Other miscellaneous biocides or applications 1593.17.1 Pyrithiones 1593.17.2 Isothiazolones derivatives 1593.17.3 Biocides integrated into surfaces 1603.17.4 Micro- or nano-particles 1623.17.6 Antimicrobial enzymes, proteins or peptides 1633.17.7 Bacteriophages 165Chapter 4 Antiseptics and Antisepsis4.1 Introduction 1674.2 Some definitions specific to antisepsis 1674.3 Structure of skin 1684.4 Skin microbiology 1694.5 Antiseptic applications 1694.5.1 Routine skin washing/antisepsis 1704.5.2 Pretreatment of skin prior to surgical intervention 1734.5.3 Treatment of skin or wound infections 1744.5.4 Treatment of oral and other mucous membranes 1774.5.5 Material-integrated applications 1774.6 Biocides used as antiseptics 1774.6.1 General considerations 1774.6.2 Major types of biocides in antiseptics 1804.6.3 Other antiseptic biocides 183Chapter 5 Physical sterilization5.1 Introduction 1855.2 Moist heat sterilization 1855.2.1 Types 1875.2.1.1 Upward-displacement autoclaves 1875.2.1.2 Downward-displacement autoclaves 1885.2.1.3 Vacuum and pressure-pulsing autoclaves 1885.2.1.4 Other types of autoclaves and stream sterilization cycles 1895.2.2 Applications 1925.2.3 Spectrum of activity 1935.2.4 Advantages 1965.2.5 Disadvantages 1965.2.6 Mode of action 1975.3 Dry heat Sterilization 1975.3.1 Types 1975.3.2 Applications 1985.3.3 Spectrum of activity 1995.3.4 Advantages 1995.3.5 Disadvantages 1995.3.6 Mode of action 2005.4 Radiation Sterilization 2005.4.1 Types 2005.4.2 Applications 2035.4.3 Spectrum of activity 2065.4.4 Advantages 2085.4.5 Disadvantages 2085.4.6 Mode of action 2085.5 Filtration 2095.6 Other physical sterilization methods 2095.6.1 Plasma 2095.6.2 Pulsed light 2115.6.3 Supercritical fluids 2135.6.4 Pulsed electric fields 214Chapter 6 Chemical Sterilization6.1 Introduction 2156.2 Epoxides 2156.2.1 Types 2166.2.2 Applications 2166.2.3 Spectrum of activity 2196.2.4 Advantages 2206.2.5 Disadvantages 2216.2.6 Mode of action 2216.3 Low temperature steam-formaldehyde 2226.3.1 Types and applications 2226.3.2 Spectrum of activity 2246.3.3 Advantages 2246.3.4 Disadvantages 2246.3.5 Mode of action 2256.4 High temperature formaldehyde-alcohol6.4.1 Types and applications 2256.4.2 Spectrum of activity 2256.4.3 Advantages 2266.4.4 Disadvantages 2266.4.5 Mode of action 2266.5 Hydrogen peroxide 2266.5.1 Types 2266.5.2 Applications 2276.5.3 Spectrum of activity 2326.5.4 Advantages 2326.5.5 Disadvantages 2336.5.6 Mode of action 2336.6 Other oxidizing agent based-processes 2336.6.1 Liquid peracetic acid 2336.6.2 Electrolyzed water 2346.6.2.1 Types 2346.6.2.2 Applications 2366.6.2.3 Spectrum of activity 2376.6.2.4 Advantages 2376.6.2.5 Disadvantages 2376.6.2.6 Mode of action 2386.6.3 Gaseous peracetic acid 2386.6.4 Ozone 2406.6.5 Chlorine dioxide 2426.6.6 Nitrogen dioxide 242Chapter 7 Mechanisms of Action7.1 Introduction 2477.2 Anti-infectives 2487.2.1 Antibacterials (antibiotics) 2487.2.2 Antifungals 2517.2.3 Antivirals 2517.2.4 Antiparasitic drugs 2517.3 Macromolecular structure 2517.4 General mechanisms of action 2557.4.1 Introduction 2557.4.2 Oxidizing agents 2577.4.3 Cross-linking or coagulating agents 2637.4.4 Transfer of energy 2707.4.5 Other structure-disrupting agents 276Chapter 8 Mechanisms of Microbial Resistance8.1 Introduction 2858.2 Biocide/microorganism interaction 2858.3 Intrinsic Bacterial Resistance Mechanisms 2878.3.1 General Stationary Phase Phenomenon 2888.3.2 Motility and chemotaxis 2898.3.3 Stress responses 2898.3.4 Efflux mechanisms 2958.3.5 Enzymatic and chemical protection 2988.3.6 Intrinsic mechanisms to heavy metals 2998.3.7 Capsules, slime formation and S-layers 3028.3.8 Biofilm development 3038.3.9 Bacteria with extreme intrinsic resistance 3098.3.10 Extremophiles 3128.3.11 Dormancy 3168.3.12 Revival mechanisms 3278.4 Intrinsic resistance of mycobacteria 3298.5 Intrinsic resistance of other Gram-positive bacteria 3338.6 Intrinsic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria 3378.7 Acquired Bacterial Resistance Mechanisms 3418.7.1 Introduction 3418.7.2 Mutational resistance 3448.7.3 Plasmids and transmissible elements 3558.8 Mechanisms of viral resistance 3668.9 Mechanisms of prion resistance 3728.10 Mechanisms of fungal resistance 3768.11 Mechanisms of resistance in other eukaryotic microorganisms 384Index

O autorze

Gerald E. McDonnell received a B.Sc. degree in medical laboratory sciences from the University of Ulster (1989) and a Ph.D. in microbial genetics at the Department of Genetics, Trinity College, University of Dublin (1992). His graduate work involved studies on the control of gene expression in Bacillus subtilis. He spent 3 years at the Mycobacterial Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, investigating the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and cell wall biosynthesis in mycobacteria. In 1995 he joined the St. Louis, Mo., operations of ConvaTec, a division of Bristol-Myers Squibb, as a group leader in microbiology in the research and development of skin care, hard surface disinfection, and cleaning chemistries. He worked for STERIS Corporation for 19 years in the USA and in Europe on the development, research, and support of infection and contamination prevention products and services in health care and industrial applications, with a particular focus on cleaning, antisepsis, disinfection, and sterilization. Dr. McDonnell is currently the senior director for sterility assurance for DePuySynthes, a Johnson & Johnson company, and a member of the Johnson & Johnson Sterility Assurance leadership team. He serves as the global technical leader in the areas of microbiology and contamination control including sterilization, aseptic technique, reprocessing, microbiology, and cleanliness requirements. His basic research interests include infection prevention, decontamination microbiology, emerging pathogens, and modes of action and resistance to biocides. His work also includes the development and implementation of international and national guidance and standards in cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization. He has over 180 publications, 22 patents and is a frequent presenter on various aspects of his work internationally.