Anthropogenic Soils in Japan

ISBN-13: 9789811346750 / Angielski / Miękka / 2019 / 186 str.

Makiko Watanabe; Masayuki Kawahigashi

Spis treści

1. Soils Sealed by Technic Hard Materials in Urban and Traffic Areas

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Soils Sealed by Asphalt

1.2.1 Road Construction and History of Land Use Changes

1.2.2 Soil Profile and Brief Chemical Properties at the Road Construction Site

1.2.3 Maintenance Work for Sewer Pipe, History of Management for Social Facilities

1.2.4 Soil Profile and Brief Chemical Properties under the Asphalt Road

1.2.5 Construction site of interchange for highway

1.2.6 Soil Description and Brief Chemical Characteristics beneath the thick subbase stones

1.3 Soil Sealed by Interlocking

1.3.1 Periodical Exchange of Interlocking and History of Land Use Change

1.3.2 Soil Description and Brief Chemical Characteristics in the Soil Profile with Buried Concrete

1.4 Soils Sealed by Concrete

1.4.1 Land Use and Overview of the site

1.4.2 Profile Characteristics and Brief Chemical Characteristics

1.5 Conclusion

2. Soils constructed on Ski Slopes

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Ski Hills in Gifu Prefecture

2.2.1 Management of Ski Hills

2.2.2 Soil Description and Physico-Chemical Properties at Different Ski Hills

2.3 Conclusion

3. Soils on River Embankments

3.1 Introduction

3.2 The River Embankment in Saga Prefecture 

3.2.1 Construction of Levee along Rokkaku-gawa River 

3.2.2 Soil Descriptions with Soil Profiles

3.2.3 Growth of Invasive Grass Species on the Levee

3.3 Conclusion

4. Soils in Historical Urban Parks

4.1 Introduction

4.2 The Institute of Nature Study, Shiroganedai, Tokyo 

4.2.1 History of Land Use at The Institute of Nature Study

4.2.2 Soil Description and Soil Properties with 13C values

4.3 Shinjuku Gyoen Park

4.3.1 History of Land Use at Shinjuku Gyoen Park

4.3.2 Soil Compactness and Soil Physico-chemicial Properties

4.4 Kitanomaru Garden

4.4.1 History of Land Use at Kitanomaru Garden

4.4.2 Soil Classification and General Properties

4.5 Conclusion

5. Soils on Coastal Berms for Reproducing the Coastal Forests Damaged by the Mega-tsunami

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Matsu-Bayashi National Forest District (Arahama area)

5.2.1 Geological Information of Constructed Soil Materials

5.2.2 Soil Description and Physico-Chemical Properties

5.3 Dai National Forest District (Natori area)

5.3.1 Geological Information and Planted Vegetation

5.3.2 Soil Description and Physical Properties

5.4 Rikuzen-Takata District (Otomo)

5.4.1 Background Information of the Planted Forest

5.4.2 Soil Description and Physical Properties

5.5 Conclusion

6. Soils Filled in Swamplands behind Coastal Sand Dunes to Prevent Coastal Disaster

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Matsugaya coastal forest

6.2.1 Construction of the Growth Foundation  

6.2.2 Soil Description and Soil Classification using Soil Physico-Chemical Properties

6.3 Ushigome coastal forest

6.3.1 Construction of the Growth Foundation with and without Tillage 

6.3.2 Soil Description and Soil Classification using Soil Physico-Chemical Properties

6.4 Conclusion

7. Geotechnical Issues for Developing Coastal Waste-Landfill

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Testing Program to Investigate Heavy Metal Mobility in Coastal Landfill

7.3 Testing Program to Investigate Mechanical Properties of Coastal Landfill

7.4 Summary of the Testing Results

7.4.1 Heavy Metal Mobility in Coastal Landfill

7.4.2 Mechanical properties of coastal landfill

7.5 Conclusion

8. Soils on Man-made Islands in Tokyo Bay

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Soil on the Man-Made Island, “The Uminomori Park”

8.2.1 The Plan for Greenery Land Use in Tokyo Bay

8.2.2 Soil Description and Properties at the 2014 site

8.2.3 Soil Description and Properties at the 2012 Site

8.2.4 Soil Description and Properties at the 2008 Site 

8.3 Greenery Area for Golf and Amusement Facilities in The Wakasu Seaside Park

8.3.1 Construction of the Man-Made Island with Municipal Wastes

8.3.2 Soil Description and Soil Properties 40 years after the construction

8.4 Urban Sanctuary of the Tokyo Wild Bird Park 

8.4.1 History of the Tokyo Wild Bird Park

8.4.2 Soil Description and Physico-Chemical Properties

8.5 Conclusion

9. Soils in the Reclaimed Land after Drainage in Isahaya Bay

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Investigation of Isahaya Bay Polder Soils

9.2.1 Management for the Water Level in Isahaya Bay 

9.2.2 Soil Descriptions of the Former Tidal Land

9.3 Comparison of Soil Properties under the Different Vegetation in the Reclaimed Land

9.4 Conclusion

10. Soil Dressing with Alluvial Soil Materials “Dorotsuke”

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Dorotsuke in the Omiya Upland Area

10.2.1 Geological and Agricultural Setting of the Omiya upland 

10.2.2 Soil Descriptions and Physico-Chemical Properties

10.3 Conclusion

11. Soils Modified by Topsoil Dressing and Deep Tilling in Peaty Farmland

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Management by Soil Dressing on Low Moor Peat Land, Nanporo-1

11.2.1 Vegetable Field with Shallow Tillage

11.2.2 Soil Description and Physico-Chemical Properties

11.3 Management by Soil Dressing on High Moor Peat Land, Nanporo-2

11.3.1 Wheat Field with Deep tillage 

11.3.2 Soil Description and Physico-Chemical Properties

11.4 Conclusion

12. Soils in Greenhouse Fields in an Urbanized Area

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Site 1: Man-made Agricultural Soils Established on the Paddy Fields in Urban Areas

12.2.1 Shifting of Agricultural Land Uses from Paddy Field

12.2.2 Soil Description and Physico-Chemical Properties

12.3 Site 2. Man-made Agricultural Soils Established on the Reclaimed Residential Areas

12.3.1 Vegetable Cultivation Converted from the Reclaimed Residential Area

12.3.2 Soil Description and Physico-Chemical Properties

12.4 Conclusion

13. Conversion of Land Uses in Cultivated Land

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Abandoned Paddy Field Located on Valley Plains

13.2.1 Conversion of Land Uses since 1970’s

13.2.2 Soil description at the chestnut orchard, parking lot and  buckwheat field

13.3 Soil Properties and Effects of Land Use Changes

13.4 Conclusion

O autorze

Makiko Watanabe is professor of soil geography in the Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan. She is a leader of the Kenkyu-kan Project “Role of Soils in Mega Asian Cities”, supported by the President’s Expenditure of Tokyo Metropolitan University (2015–2018). She was a program officer of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (2009–2011), a member of the Science Council of Japan (2006–2014), and currently is a member of the National Research and Development Agency Council of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2015–present). She was a visiting scholar at St. Catherine’s College, University of Cambridge (1998), a visiting professor at the Department of Historical Ecology, Krasnoyarsk State University (2000), and a visiting professor at the Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Regina, Canada (2016). Based on her abundant field experience in the Philippines, Germany, Egypt, Canada, and Mongolia, she has a broad view of the time and space of soil and individual land history. Her research achievements are specialized in long-term circulation of soil substances, and nature–human systems in regional environments, which provide basic knowledge of the potentiality and limitation of homeostasis in terrestrial earth and feasible strategies for sustainable development.

Masayuki Kawahigashi is associate professor of environmental geography in the Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan. He is a delegate of the Japanese Society of Soil Sciences and Plant Nutrition, a consilor of Japanese Society of Pedology, a subject editor of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition (2013–2015, 2017–2018), and a visiting associate professor at the Faculty of Earth Sciences of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland (2018). He was a visiting scientist at the University of Bayreuth (2002) and at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (2003–2004). He focuses on dynamics of elements in ecosystems of various climatic zones from boreal to tropical regions, also addressing soil and water in agricultural and urban systems to understand anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems. Soils in anthropized environments are his latest challenges in researching soils from several different scientific points of view.

Blurb

This book enhances the discussion of anthropized soils with photographs of soil profiles and provides general information about soils in Japan, using data on their physical and chemical properties. Soils targeted in this book have wide spectra in anthropized influences from lesser effects such as agricultural improvements to drastic changes caused by infrastructure construction. These include soils sealed by technic hard materials, on ski slopes, on river embankments and coastal berms, in historical urban parks, on man-made islands in Tokyo Bay, in reclaimed lands, in greenhouse fields, and those filling in swamplands. These examples supported with data can be a bridge between agriculture and civil engineering to understand how anthropogenic activities influence soils. Because anthropogenic impacts have increased during the past decades along with concentrations of populations into cities, processes in soils must be addressed from the point of view of diverse land-use purposes. 

The book includes information with new data produced by active researchers from many institutes and universities as it refers to soils altered by human activities and thus is informative to specialists in various disciplines related to soils. It is also valuable to students for viewing soils in cities, infrastructure construction areas, and other affected locations. Evaluation and understanding of soils now has become essential for researchers in a range of fields and for policy makers in agriculture as well as urban planning, civil engineering, and disaster sciences. This work serves as an impetus for launching further study of soils and environments.