Analysis of Energy Efficiency of Industrial Processes

ISBN-13: 9783642771507 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 186 str.

Vladimir S. Stepanov

Opis

It is universally recognized that the end of the current and the beginning of the next century will be characterized by a radical change in the existing trends in the economic development of all countries and a transition to new principles of economic management on the basis of a resource and energy conservation policy. Thus there is an urgent necessity to study methods, technical aids and economic consequences of this change, and particularly, to determine the possible amounts of energy resources which could be conserved (energy "reserves") in different spheres of the national economy. An increased interest towards energy conservation in industry, one of the largest energy consumers, is quite natural and is manifested by the large num- ber of publications on this topic. But the majority of publications are devoted to the solution of narrowly defined problems, determination of energy reserves in specific processes and plants, efficiency estimation of individual energy conserva- tion measures, etc. However, it is necessary to develop a general methodological approach to the solution of such problems and create a scientific and methodical base for realizing an energy conservation policy. Such an effort is made in this book, which is concerned with methods for studying energy use efficiency in technological processes and estimation of the theoretical and actual energy reserves in a given process, technology, or industrial sector on the basis of their complete energy balances.

Spis treści

1. The Technological Process as a Subject of Thermodynamic Analysis.- 1.1 Thermodynamic Systems and Processes.- 1.2 The Laws of Thermodynamics.- 1.2.1 Internal Energy, Work and Heat. The First Law of Thermodynamics.- 1.2.2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics.- 1.2.3 The Third Law of Thermodynamics.- 1.3 State Functions.- 1.4 Thermodynamic Properties of Substances and Their Changes in Chemical Processes.- 1.5 Thermochemistry.- 1.6 Maximum and Minimum Work. The Gouy-Stodola Law.- 1.7 The Concept of Exergy. The Exergy Method of Analysis.- 2. Efficiency of Technological Processes Based on Energy Balance.- 2.1 Heat Balance of a Process.- 2.2 Complete Energy Balance.- 2.2.1 Derivation.- 2.2.2 Components of the Complete Energy Balance.- 2.3 Solving Practical Problems.- 2.3.1 Determination of Energy Use Efficiency in a Process. Idealized and Ideal Analogs of Processes.- 2.3.2 Energy Losses and Secondary Energy Resources.- 2.4 Theoretical Potential and Energy Reserves.- 3. Calculation of Chemical Energy and Exergy of Elements and Elementary Substances.- 3.1 Choice of Environment Model.- 3.2 Short Overview of Methods.- 3.2.1 The Simplified Ozoling-Stepanov Technique.- 3.2.2 Comparison of the Different Methods.- 4. Optimizing the Use of Thermal Secondary Energy Resources.- 4.1 Thermal Secondary Energy Resources.- 4.2 Minimizing Costs. Optimal Composition of Heat Recovery Installations.- 4.2.1 Costs of Production of Secondary Energy Resources.- 4.2.2 Costs of Reliability Improvement.- 4.2.3 Calculation of the Minimized Total Costs.- 4.3 Determination of the Optimal Extent of Secondary Energy Resource Utilization at an Industrial Plant.- 5. Energy Balances in Ferrous Metallurgy.- 5.1 The Production Scheme.- 5.1.1 Metallurgical Cycle.- 5.1.2 Coke and Coking By-product Cycle.- 5.2 Energy Balances of the Metallurgical Complex and its Main Shops.- 5.2.1 Energy Use Efficiency.- 5.3 Energy Losses and Possible Secondary Energy Resources.- 5.4 Determination of the Economically Feasible Value of Using Thermal Secondary Energy Resources.- 6. Energy Use for Energy Efficiency Increase in Non-ferrous Metallurgy.- 6.1 Copper Production.- 6.1.1 Production Scheme and Energy Balances in Reverberatory Smelting.- 6.1.2 Autogenous Processes.- 6.2 Lead and Zinc Production.- 6.2.1 Production Scheme and Energy Balances in Lead Production Using Blast Smelting.- 6.2.2 Zinc Production in Hydrometallurgy.- 6.3 Production of Titanium and Magnesium.- 7. Predicting Energy Conservation in an Industry by Modeling Individual Sectors.- 7.1 The Scope of the Problem.- 7.2 Forecasting Energy Consumption in an Industrial Sector.- 7.3 Forecasting Exergy Expenditures.- 7.4 Financial and Energy Expenditures for Environmental Protection.- 8. Evaluation of Energy Reserves as a Result of Energy Conservation. Ferrous Metallurgy.- 8.1 Steelmaking.- 8.1.1 Energy Conservation Due to Technological Restructuring.- 8.1.2 Impact of Improvements in Current Production Processes.- 8.2 Coke and Coking By-product Production.- 8.3 Rolled Stock.- 8.4 Influence of Other Parameters.- References.