An Introduction to Middle English: Grammar and Texts

ISBN-13: 9781551118949 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 544 str.

RD Fulk

Opis

A current, comprehensive introduction to Middle English, this anthology also includes a broad selection of readings.

Spis treści

LIST OF CHARTS
LIST OF FACSIMILES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

PREFACE

GRAMMAR

I. HISTORY, ORTHOGRAPHY, AND PRONUNCIATION

A. Historical overview

• 1. The transition from Old to Middle English. 2. The transition from Middle to Modern English.

B. Orthography

• 3. Phonetic symbols and phonological terms. 4. The alphabet. 5. Sounds andspelling: consonants. 6. Sounds and spelling: vowels. 7. Sample spellings ofstressed vowels.

II. PHONOLOGY

A. Stress and syllables

• 8. Lexical stress and syllabification. 9. Phrasal stress.

B. Stressed vowels

10. Vowels at the close of the OE period.

1. Quantitative variation: shortening
   11. Shortening before consonant groups. 12. Trisyllabic shortening.
2. Quantitative variation: lengthening
   13. Lengthening before homorganic consonant clusters. 14. Lengthening in open syllables. 15. Compensatory lengthening. 16. Quantity in words borrowed from French.
3. Qualitative variation: native vowels
   17. The OE short low vowels. 18. OE æ. 19. OE ā. 20. OE ý.
   21. OE ō. 22. OE diphthongs. 23. The rise of new front diphthongs.
   24. The rise of new back diphthongs.
4. Qualitative variation: non-native vowels
   25. Vowels in borrowings from Old Norse. 26. Vowels in borrowings from French.
   27. Summary of developments in the stressed vowels. 28. The Great Vowel Shift.

C. Vowels in syllables of lesser stress

• 29. Centralization and laxing of unstressed vowels. 30. Loss of final -e. 31. Loss of /ə/ in syllables closed by a final consonant. 32. Disyllabic and polysyllabic stems. 33. Vowels of prefixes. 34. Unaccented words.

D. Consonants

• 35. The consonant system of Middle English. 36. Voicing and devoicing.
  37. Assimilation. 38. Deletion. 39. ME ȝ and the development of glides.
  40. Metathesis, epenthesis, metanalysis. 41. Some dialectal developments.

III. MORPHOLOGY

A. Nouns

• 42. Declension in Old English. 43. Reduction of case distinctions. 44. Elimination of grammatical gender. 45. Three declensional classes. 46. Exceptions to the general trend. 47. The inflectional morphology of loaned French nouns.

B. Adjectives

• 48. Definite and indefinite inflection. 49. Strong and weak inflection in ME.50. Comparison of adjectives.

C. Numerals

• 51. Cardinal numbers. 52. Ordinal numbers.

D. Pronouns and articles
53. Historical development.

1. Personal pronouns
   54. First and second persons. 55. Third person. 56. Possessive pronouns.
2. Demonstrative pronouns and articles
   57. The definite article. 58. Demonstrative þat. 59. Demonstrative þis.
   60. Other demonstratives and articles.
3. Interrogative pronouns
   61. The OE types and their development.
4. Relative pronouns
   62. The OE types and their development.
5. Indefinite pronouns
   63. Inventory.

E. Verbs
64. Background.

1. Inflections
   65. Inflections of the present tense. 66. Inflections of the preterite.
2. Stems: strong
   67. Sample paradigm of a strong verb. 68. Principal parts and chief developments.69. Alternate stem types. 70. The seven classes of strong verbs.71. Strong class 1. 72. Strong class 2. 73. Strong class 3. 74. Strong class 4.75. Strong class 5. 76. Strong class 6. 77. Strong class 7.
3. Stems: weak
   78. The OE background. 79. Sample paradigms. 80. Variant stem typesof regular verbs. 81. Examples of the stem types. 82. Irregular weak verbs.
4. Preterite-present verbs
   83. Background. 84. Inventory.
5. Athematic verbs
   85. Background. 86. The verb ben. 87. The verb don. 88. The verb gon.
   89. The verb willen.

IV. MORPHOSYNTACTIC CHANGE, SYNTAX, AND SEMANTICS

A. Historical overview

• 90. Syntactic and morphosyntactic change.

B. The noun phrase and its elements

1. Morphosyntactic properties of nouns and adjectives
   91. Gender. 92. Case. 93. Number. 94. Substantive adjectives. 95. Adjectivecomplements. 96. Comparison of adjectives and adverbs. 97. Placement ofadjectives. 98. The position of quantifiers.
2. Articles and pronouns
   99. Rise of the indefinite article. 100. The particularizing pronoun one.
   101. Reflexive pronouns. 102. Familiar and formal pronouns in forms of address. 103. Relative pronouns and their antecedents. 104. Ellipsis of relative pronoun.
3. Subjects and direct objects
   105. Ellipsis of the subject. 106. Pleonastic subjects. 107. Compound subjects. 108. Ellipsis of the object. 109. Pleonastic object.

C. The prepositional phrase

• 110. The preposition of. 111. The prepositions mid and wiþ. 112. The preposition to.
  113. The preposition into. 114. The expression of agency in passive constructions.
  115. Postpositive prepositions. 116. Preposition stranding. 117. Prepositions with pronominal objects.

D. The verb phrase

• 118. Tense and aspect. 119. Mood: imperative. 120. Mood: subjunctive. 121. Mood: interrogative. 122. Impersonal and passive constructions. 123. Existential constructions. 124. Negation. 125. Auxiliaries. 126. Infinitive constructions.

E. The clause

• 127. Position of adverbial elements. 128. Position of objects. 129. Extraposition fromclauses. 130. Subordinating conjunctions. 131. Placement of the verb.

V. REGIONAL DIALECTOLOGY

1. Factors in dialect variation
   132. Orthography and phonology. 133. Mischsprachen. 134. The nature ofregional variation.
2. Dialect maps
   135. The Middle English dialect atlases. 136. LALME maps.
   137. Some major isoglosses: introduction. 138. Some major isoglosses:descriptions.

VI. POETIC FORM

139. Poetic types.

A. Isochronous verse

1. Scansion
   140. Metrical feet. 141. Unstressed vowels. 142. Trisyllables. 143. Synizesis.144. Metrical properties of borrowings from French.
2. Forms
   145. Narrative forms. 146. Lyric forms. 147. The septenarius.

B. Anisochronous verse

• 148. Historical background. 149. Early ME alliterative verse. 150. The AlliterativeRevival. 151. The alliterative form in the fourteenth century.

TEXTS
A NOTE ON THE TEXTS

TWELFTH CENTURY

1. The Peterborough Chronicle
2. The Soul’s Address to the Body
3. The Ormulum
4. Poema morale

THIRTEENTH CENTURY

5. Ancrene Wisse
6. La3amon, Brut
7. Kentish Sermons
8. The Physiologus
9. Seinte Marherete
10. The Proverbs of Alfred
11. The 1258 Proclamation of Henry III
12. The Fox and the Wolf
13. Ubi sunt qui ante nos fuerunt?
14. The Thrush and the Nightingale
15. King Horn
16. The Owl and the Nightingale
17. Havelok
18. The Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester

FOURTEENTH CENTURY

19. Cursor Mundi
20. Robert Mannyng of Brunne, Handlyng Synne
21. Dan Michel of Northgate, Ayenbyte of Inwyt
22. Laurence Minot, The Siege of Calais
23. Richard Rolle, Three Exempla
24. The Stanzaic Morte Arthur
25. Patience
26. The Alliterative Morte Arthure
27. William Langland, Piers Plowman
28. John Barbour, The Bruce
29. John of Trevisa, Translation of Ranulph Higden’s Polychronicon
30. Petition of the Company of Mercers of London to Parliament (1388)
31. John Gower, Confessio Amantis
32. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Nun’s Priest’s Tale, from The Canterbury Tales

FIFTEENTH CENTURY

33. Thomas Hoccleve, La male regle
34. John Lydgate, The Siege of Thebes
35. The Book of Margery Kempe
36. Margaret Paston, Two Letters to John Paston I (1444, 1448)
37. The Wakefield Second Shepherds’ Play
38. Robert Henryson, The Testament of Cresseid

APPENDIX
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES