An Introduction to Acoustical Holography

ISBN-13: 9781461344834 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 224 str.

B. Hildebrand

Opis

Since the first papers by E. N. Leith and J. Upatnieks on the subject of holography appeared in 1961, there has been a virtual explosion of research activity in the field. More than 500 papers and articles on holo- graphy have appeared in the last ten years. Many applications of holo- graphy have been proposed, and some of these are beginning to enter the realm of usefulness. One of the applications that appears to hold great promise is acoustic imaging by means of holography. The first papers on this subject appeared in 1966, but already research activity in the field is burgeoning. Three symposia wholly devoted to acoustical holography have been held and the papers published in book form. The purposeof this book is to bring together the results of research in acoustical holography, some of it as yet unpublished, under one cover so that workers in holography, nondestructive testing, medical imaging, underwater imaging, and seismic exploration can decide whether this new technique can be useful to them.

Spis treści

1. Introduction.- 1.1. Fundamental Concepts.- 1.2. Historical Development.- References.- 2. Holography.- 2.1. Recording Process.- 2.2. Reconstruction Process.- 2.3. Gabor Holography.- 2.4. Leith-Upatnieks Holography.- 2.5. Hologram Classification.- 2.5.1. Fresnel Holograms.- 2.5.2. Fraunhofer Holograms.- 2.5.3. Side-Band Fresnel or Fraunhofer Holograms.- 2.5.4. Fourier Transform Holograms.- 2.5.5. Focused-Image Holograms.- 2.6. Image Location.- 2.7. Magnification.- 2.8. Aberrations.- 2.9. Distortion.- 2.10. Resolution.- References.- 3. Acoustics.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Mechanical Vibrations.- 3.3. Propagation of Sound in Liquids.- 3.3.1. The Force Equation.- 3.3.2. Description of the Wave.- 3.3.3. Compressibility.- 3.3.4. The Wave Description in Terms of Pressure.- 3.3.5. Velocity of Propagation.- 3.3.6. Radiation Pressure.- 3.3.7. Energy and Intensity.- 3.3.8. Velocity Potential.- 3.4. Propagation of Sound in Solids.- 3.4.1. Refraction and Reflection at Liquid-Solid Interfaces.- 3.5. Interaction of an Acoustic Wave with a Liquid Interface.- 3.5.1. Interaction at a Free-Liquid Surface.- 3.6. Summary.- References.- 4. Scanned Acoustical Holography.- 4.1. Scanned Receiver.- 4.1.1. Acoustical Reference.- 4.1.2. Electronic Reference.- 4.2. Scanned Source.- 4.3. Scanned Object.- 4.4. Simultaneous Scanning.- 4.4.1. Image Location.- 4.4.2. Resolution.- 4.4.3. Image Location Revisited.- 4.4.4. Magnification.- 4.4.5. Aberrations.- 4.4.6. Distortion.- 4.5. Recording and Reconstruction.- 4.6. Time Gating.- References.- 5. Sampled Holograms.- 5.1. Sampling Theory.- 5.1.1. One-Dimensional Sampling Theory.- 5.1.2. Two-Dimensional Sampling Theory.- 5.1.3. Scanned Holography as a Sampling Process.- 5.1.4. Effects of Sampling.- 5.2. Information Content of Holograms.- 5.2.1. Number of Degrees of Freedom in a Scanned Receiver Hologram.- 5.2.2. Number of Degrees of Freedom in a Scanned Source Hologram.- 5.2.3. Number of Degrees of Freedom in a Scanned Source and Receiver Hologram.- 5.3. Special Sampling Schemes.- 5.3.1. A Rotationally Symmetric Sampling Theorem.- 5.3.2. Circular Scanning.- References.- 6. Liquid-Surface Holography.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Description of the Acoustical Field.- 6.3. Acoustical Transfer Functions for a Continuous Wave Hologram.- 6.4. Interaction of Light with the Liquid Surface.- 6.5. Effects Produced by Pulsing the Sound Waves.- 6.6. Transfer Function Relating Liquid-Surface Ripple Displacement to Acoustic Radiation Pressure.- References.- 7. Other Acoustical Holography Methods.- 7.1. Photographic Film.- 7.2. Ultrasound Camera.- 7.3. Particle Cell.- 7.4. Bragg Diffraction Imaging.- 7.4.1. Bragg Reflection.- 7.4.2. Bragg Imaging.- 7.5. Thermoplastic Film.- 7.6. Optical and Electronic Readout Methods.- 7.6.1. Optical Heterodyne Technique.- 7.6.2. Optical Homodyne Technique.- 7.6.3. Temporal Reference.- References.- 8. Applications.- 8.1. Underwater Viewing.- 8.1.1. Short-Range, High-Resolution Search System.- 8.1.2. Medium-Range System.- 8.1.3. Long-Range Systems.- 8.2. Geophysical Applications.- 8.2.1. Subsurface Cavity Mapping.- 8.2.2. Distortion Correction.- 8.3. Nuclear Reactor Surveillance.- 8.3.1. Ultrasonic Holographic Periscope.- 8.3.2. External Surveillance System.- 8.4. Medical Imaging.- 8.4.1. Liquid-Surface Holography.- 8.4.2. Scanning Holography.- 8.5. Nondestructive Testing.- 8.5.1. Liquid-Surface Holography.- 8.5.2. Scanning Holography.- 8.6. Interferometry.- 8.7. Summary.- References.