An Introduction to 5G C

ISBN-13: 9781119602668 / Angielski / Twarda / 2020 / 448 str.

Christopher Cox

Spis treści

Preface xxiAcknowledgements xxiiiList of Abbreviations xxv1 Introduction 11.1 Architecture of a Mobile Telecommunication System 11.1.1 High-level Architecture 11.1.2 Internal Architecture of the Mobile 21.1.3 Architecture of the Radio Access Network 21.1.4 Coverage and Capacity 31.1.5 Architecture of the Core Network 41.1.6 Communication Protocols 41.2 History of Mobile Telecommunications 51.2.1 Introduction 51.2.2 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 61.2.3 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) 61.2.4 Long-term Evolution (LTE) 71.2.5 LTE-Advanced 81.2.6 LTE-Advanced Pro 81.2.7 Other Mobile Communication Systems 91.3 The Mobile Telecommunication Market 91.3.1 Traffic Levels 91.3.2 Numbers of Subscriptions 101.3.3 Operator Revenue 101.4 Use Cases and Markets for 5G 111.4.1 5G Research Projects 111.4.2 Enhanced Mobile Broadband 111.4.3 Massive Machine-type Communications 121.4.4 Ultra-reliable Low-latency Communication 131.4.5 Vehicle-to-everything Communication 141.4.6 Network Operation 151.5 Technical Performance Requirements 151.6 Technologies for 5G 161.6.1 Network Function Virtualization 161.6.2 Software-defined Networking 171.6.3 Network Slicing 181.6.4 Technologies for the Air Interface 191.7 The 3GPP Specifications for 5G 191.8 Architecture of 5G 211.8.1 High-level Architecture 211.8.2 Architectural Options 22References 252 Architecture of the Core Network 292.1 The Evolved Packet Core 292.1.1 Release 8 Architecture 292.1.2 Control and User Plane Separation 302.2 The 5G Core Network 312.2.1 Representation Using Reference Points 312.2.2 Representation Using Service-based Interfaces 322.2.3 Data Transport 332.2.4 Roaming Architectures 342.2.5 Data Storage Architectures 352.2.6 Non-3GPP Access to the 5G Core 372.3 Network Areas, Slices and Identities 372.3.1 Network Identities 372.3.2 Network Slices 382.3.3 AMF Areas and Identities 392.3.4 UE Identities 392.3.5 UE Registration Areas 392.4 State Diagrams 402.4.1 Registration Management 402.4.2 Connection Management 412.4.3 Non-3GPP Access 412.5 Signalling Protocols 412.5.1 Signalling Protocol Architecture 412.5.2 Example Signalling Procedures 422.6 The Hypertext Transfer Protocol 432.6.1 HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 432.6.2 Representational State Transfer 442.6.3 The HTTP/2 Data Layer 452.6.4 JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) 462.7 Example Network Function Services 472.7.1 Network Function Service Registration 472.7.2 Network Function Service Discovery 482.7.3 Network Function Service Subscription and Notification 49References 503 Architecture of the Radio Access Network 553.1 The Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network 553.1.1 Release 8 Architecture 553.1.2 Carrier Aggregation 563.1.3 Dual Connectivity 573.2 The Next-generation Node B 583.2.1 High Level Architecture 583.2.2 Internal Architecture 583.2.3 Deployment Options 593.3 Architectural Options 613.3.1 Multi-radio Dual Connectivity 613.3.2 Options 1 and 3 - EPC, E-UTRAN and MeNB 613.3.3 Options 5 and 7 - 5GC, NG-RAN and MeNB 623.3.4 Options 2 and 4 - 5GC, NG-RAN and MgNB 623.3.5 Data Transport 633.4 Network Areas and Identities 643.4.1 Tracking Areas 643.4.2 RAN Areas 653.4.3 Cell Identities 653.5 RRC State Diagram 653.5.1 5G State Diagram 653.5.2 Interworking with 4G 663.6 Signalling Protocols 673.6.1 Signalling Protocol Architecture 673.6.2 Signalling Radio Bearers 68References 694 Spectrum, Antennas and Propagation 734.1 Radio Spectrum 734.1.1 Radio Waves 734.1.2 Use of Radio Spectrum 744.1.3 Spectrum Allocations for 5G 754.2 Antennas and Propagation 754.2.1 Antenna Gain 754.2.2 Radio Propagation in Free Space 774.2.3 Antenna Arrays for 5G 784.3 Radio Propagation Issues for Millimetre Waves 794.3.1 Diffraction and Reflection 794.3.2 Penetration Losses 804.3.3 Foliage Losses 804.3.4 Atmospheric Losses 824.4 Multipath, Fading and Coherence 834.4.1 Introduction 834.4.2 Angular Spread and Coherence Distance 834.4.3 Doppler Spread and Coherence Time 854.4.4 Delay Spread and Coherence Bandwidth 864.4.5 Channel Reciprocity 87References 875 Digital Signal Processing 915.1 Modulation and Demodulation 915.1.1 Carrier Signal 915.1.2 Modulation 925.1.3 The Modulation Process 945.1.4 The Demodulation Process 955.1.5 Channel Estimation 965.1.6 Adaptive Modulation 965.2 Radio Transmission in a Mobile Cellular Network 975.2.1 Multiplexing and Multiple Access 975.2.2 FDD and TDD Modes 975.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 985.3.1 Subcarriers 985.3.2 The OFDM Transmitter 995.3.3 The OFDM Receiver 1015.3.4 The Fast Fourier Transform 1025.3.5 Block Diagram of the OFDMA Downlink 1035.3.6 Block Diagram of the OFDMA Uplink 1045.4 Other Features of OFDMA 1055.4.1 Frequency-specific Scheduling 1055.4.2 Subcarrier Orthogonality 1075.4.3 Inter-symbol Interference and the Cyclic Prefix 1075.5 Signal-processing Issues for 5G 1105.5.1 Power Consumption 1105.5.2 Timing Jitter and Phase Noise 1115.5.3 Choice of Symbol Duration and Subcarrier Spacing 1115.6 Error Management 1125.6.1 Forward Error Correction 1125.6.2 Automatic Repeat Request 1135.6.3 Hybrid ARQ 1135.6.4 Hybrid ARQ Processes 1145.6.5 Higher-layer Retransmissions 115References 1166 Multiple-antenna Techniques 1176.1 Analogue Beam Selection 1176.1.1 Spatial Filtering 1176.1.2 Beam Steering 1196.1.3 Beamwidth of the Antenna Array 1206.1.4 Grating Lobes 1216.1.5 Analogue Signal-processing Issues 1216.1.6 Beam Management 1226.2 Digital Beamforming 1226.2.1 Precoding and Postcoding 1226.2.2 Digital Signal-processing Issues 1246.2.3 Diversity Processing 1246.3 Spatial Multiplexing 1256.3.1 Principles of Spatial Multiplexing 1256.3.2 Matrix Representation 1266.3.3 MIMO and Coherence 1276.3.4 Uplink Multiple-user MIMO 1276.3.5 Downlink Multiple-user MIMO 1296.3.6 Management of Multiple-user MIMO 1316.3.7 Single-user MIMO 1316.3.8 Signal Processing for Single-user MIMO 1326.3.9 Management of Single-user MIMO 1346.4 Massive MIMO 1356.4.1 Architecture 1356.4.2 Received Signal Power 1366.4.3 Energy Efficiency 1366.4.4 Spectral Efficiency 1376.5 Hybrid Beamforming 1386.5.1 Partly Connected Architecture 1386.5.2 Fully Connected Architecture 1396.5.3 Millimetre Wave MIMO 1406.6 Multiple Antennas at the Mobile 1416.6.1 Architecture 1416.6.2 Beam Management 142References 1437 Architecture of the 5G New Radio 1457.1 Air Interface Protocol Stack 1457.1.1 5G Protocol Stack 1457.1.2 Dual Connectivity 1477.1.3 Channels and Signals 1477.1.4 Information Flows 1487.2 Frequency Bands and Combinations 1527.2.1 Frequency Bands 1527.2.2 Band Combinations 1547.2.3 Bandwidth Classes 1557.3 Frequency Domain Structure 1557.3.1 Numerologies 1557.3.2 Transmission Bandwidth Configuration 1567.3.3 Global and Channel Frequency Rasters 1577.3.4 Common Resource Blocks 1587.3.5 Bandwidth Parts 1597.3.6 Virtual and Physical Resource Blocks 1597.4 Time Domain Structure 1607.4.1 Frame Structure 1607.4.2 Timing Advance 1617.4.3 TDD Configurations 1627.4.4 Slot Format Combinations 1637.4.5 Resource Grid 1647.5 Multiple Antennas 1647.5.1 Antenna Ports 1647.5.2 Relationships Between Antenna Ports 1657.6 Data Transmission 1667.6.1 Transport Channel Processing 1667.6.2 Physical Channel Processing 1677.6.3 Analogue Processing 168References 1698 Cell Acquisition 1738.1 Acquisition Procedure 1738.1.1 Introduction 1738.1.2 Non-standalone Operation 1748.1.3 Standalone Operation 1758.2 Resource Mapping 1758.2.1 SS/PBCH Blocks 1758.2.2 Transmission Frequency 1758.2.3 Transmission Timing 1778.3 Acquisition of the SS/PBCH Block 1788.3.1 Primary Synchronization Signal 1788.3.2 Secondary Synchronization Signal 1798.3.3 Demodulation Reference Signal for the PBCH 1798.3.4 Physical Broadcast Channel 1798.4 System Information 1798.4.1 Master Information Block 1798.4.2 System Information Block 1 1808.4.3 Other System Information Blocks 1808.4.4 Transmission and Reception of the System Information 181References 1829 Random Access 1839.1 Physical Random Access Channel 1839.1.1 PRACH Formats 1839.1.2 Generation of the PRACH Preamble 1859.1.3 Resource Mapping 1869.2 Random Access Procedure 1879.2.1 Random Access Preamble 1879.2.2 Random Access Response 1889.2.3 Message 3 1899.2.4 Contention Resolution 1899.2.5 Contention-free Procedure 189References 19010 Link Adaptation 19110.1 CSI Reference Signals 19110.1.1 Transmission and Reception 19110.1.2 Resource Mapping 19210.1.3 CSI-RS Resources 19310.1.4 CSI-RS Resource Sets 19410.2 Channel State Information 19510.2.1 Introduction 19510.2.2 CSI-RS and SS/PBCH Block Resource Indicators 19510.2.3 Layer 1 RSRP 19510.2.4 Rank Indication 19510.2.5 Precoding Matrix Indicator 19510.2.6 Channel Quality Indicator 19710.2.7 Layer Indicator 19710.2.8 CSI Reporting 19710.3 Physical Uplink Control Channel 19910.3.1 Introduction 19910.3.2 PUCCH Formats 19910.3.3 PUCCH Resources 20110.4 Sounding 20110.4.1 Transmission and Reception 20110.4.2 Resource Mapping 20210.4.3 SRS Resources 202References 20411 Data Transmission and Reception 20511.1 Introduction 20511.1.1 Data Transmission Procedure 20511.1.2 Downlink Control Information 20611.1.3 Radio Network Temporary Identifiers 20611.2 Transmission and Reception of the PDCCH 20711.2.1 Transmission of the PDCCH 20711.2.2 Control Resource Sets 20911.2.3 Search Spaces 20911.2.4 Reception of the PDCCH 21011.3 Scheduling Messages 21111.3.1 DCI Formats 0_0 and 1_0 21111.3.2 Time Domain Resource Assignment 21111.3.3 Frequency Domain Resource Assignment 21311.3.4 Modulation and Coding Scheme 21411.3.5 Other Fields 21411.3.6 DCI Formats 0_1 and 1_1 21511.4 Transmission and Reception of the PUSCH and PDSCH 21511.4.1 Transport Channel Processing 21511.4.2 Physical Channel Processing 21611.4.3 Downlink MIMO 21711.4.4 Uplink Codebook-based MIMO 21811.4.5 Uplink Non-codebook-based MIMO 21811.5 Reference Signals 21911.5.1 Demodulation Reference Signals 21911.5.2 Phase-tracking Reference Signals 21911.6 Hybrid ARQ Acknowledgements 22011.6.1 Downlink Acknowledgements of Uplink Data 22011.6.2 Uplink Acknowledgements of Downlink Data 22111.6.3 Timing of Uplink Acknowledgements 22111.7 Other DCI Formats 22211.7.1 Introduction 22211.7.2 Slot Format Indications 22311.7.3 Pre-emption Indications 22311.7.4 Transmit Power Control Commands 22311.8 Related Procedures 22411.8.1 Scheduling Requests 22411.8.2 Semi-persistent and Configured Scheduling 22411.8.3 Discontinuous Reception 22511.9 Performance of 5G 22611.9.1 Peak Data Rate 22611.9.2 Typical Cell Capacity 229References 23012 Air Interface Layer 2 23312.1 Medium Access Control 23312.1.1 Protocol Architecture 23312.1.2 Scheduling 23312.1.3 Logical Channel Prioritization 23412.1.4 Multiplexing and De-multiplexing 23512.1.5 MAC Control Elements 23612.2 Radio Link Control 23712.2.1 Protocol Architecture 23712.2.2 Transparent Mode 23812.2.3 Unacknowledged Mode 23812.2.4 Acknowledged Mode 24012.3 Packet Data Convergence Protocol 24112.3.1 Protocol Architecture 24112.3.2 Transmission and Reception 24112.3.3 PDCP Duplication 24212.3.4 Prevention of Packet Loss during a Change of Node 24312.3.5 Header Compression 24412.4 Service Data Adaptation Protocol 244References 24513 Registration Procedures 24713.1 Power-on Sequence 24713.2 Network and Cell Selection 24813.2.1 Network Selection 24813.2.2 Cell Selection 24913.3 RRC Connection Establishment 25013.3.1 RRC Connection Establishment with a gNB 25013.3.2 Initial UE Message 25113.3.3 RRC Connection Establishment with an eNB 25213.4 Registration Procedure 25213.4.1 Registration Without AMF Change 25213.4.2 Registration with a New AMF 25513.4.3 Registration with AMF Re-allocation 25713.5 Deregistration Procedure 259References 25914 Security 26114.1 Security Principles 26114.2 Network Access Security 26214.2.1 Network Access Security Architecture 26214.2.2 Key Hierarchy 26314.3 Network Access Security Procedures 26414.3.1 Subscription Concealed Identifier 26414.3.2 Authentication and Key Agreement 26514.3.3 Activation of Non-access Stratum Security 26714.3.4 Activation of Access Stratum Security 26814.3.5 Key Handling During Mobility 26914.3.6 Key Handling During State Transitions 26914.3.7 Ciphering 26914.3.8 Integrity Protection 27014.4 Network Domain Security 27114.4.1 Network Domain Security Architecture 27114.4.2 Network Domain Security Protocols 27114.5 Service-based Architecture Domain Security 27214.5.1 Security Architecture 27214.5.2 Initial Handshake Procedures over N32-c 27314.5.3 Forwarding of JOSE Protected Messages over N32-f 274References 27515 Session Management, Policy and Charging 27915.1 Types of PDU Session 27915.1.1 IP PDU Sessions 27915.1.2 Ethernet PDU Sessions 28015.1.3 Unstructured PDU Sessions 28115.2 Quality of Service 28115.2.1 Packet Flows, Service Data Flows, and QoS Flows 28115.2.2 QoS Parameters 28215.2.3 Charging Parameters 28515.3 Implementation of PDU Sessions 28615.3.1 Bearers and Tunnels 28615.3.2 User Plane Protocols 28715.3.3 End-to-end Protocol Stack 28815.3.4 Multiple PDU Session Anchors 28915.3.5 PDU Session Anchor Relocation 29015.4 Policy and Charging Control Architecture 29015.4.1 High-level Architecture 29015.4.2 Support for 3GPP Services 29215.4.3 Northbound API 29315.4.4 Charging and Billing System 29415.5 PDU Session Establishment Procedures 29515.5.1 PDU Session Establishment 29515.5.2 Interactions with the Policy and Charging Control System 29815.5.3 PDU Session Release 29815.6 Traffic Steering 29915.6.1 Traffic Steering Request 29915.6.2 Addition of a PDU Session Anchor 30115.6.3 Change of PDU Session Anchor 302References 30216 Mobility Management in RRC_CONNECTED 30716.1 Introduction to RRC_CONNECTED 30716.1.1 Principles 30716.1.2 Dual Connectivity 30816.1.3 PDU Sessions 30816.2 Measurement Configuration and Reporting 30816.2.1 Measurement Configuration and Reporting Procedure 30816.2.2 Measurement Objects 30916.2.3 Reporting Configurations 31116.2.4 Measurement Gaps 31216.2.5 Measurement Reporting 31316.3 Handover Procedures 31316.3.1 Xn-based Handover Procedure 31316.3.2 Path Switch Procedure 31616.3.3 NG-based Handover Procedure 31716.3.4 Handovers Between a gNB and an ng-eNB 31716.4 Dual Connectivity Procedures 31716.4.1 Secondary Node Addition 31716.4.2 QoS Flow Mobility Procedure 31916.4.3 Other Dual Connectivity Procedures 32016.5 State Transitions out of RRC_CONNECTED 32116.5.1 Core Network Assistance Information 32116.5.2 Transition to RRC_IDLE 32116.5.3 Transition to RRC_INACTIVE 322References 32317 Mobility Management in RRC_IDLE 32517.1 Introduction to RRC_IDLE 32517.1.1 Principles 32517.1.2 Inactive PDU Sessions 32617.2 Cell Reselection Procedures 32617.2.1 Introduction 32617.2.2 Intra-frequency Measurement Triggering 32717.2.3 Intra-frequency Cell Reselection 32717.2.4 Inter-frequency Measurement Triggering 32817.2.5 Inter-frequency Cell Reselection 32917.2.6 Fast-moving Mobiles 32917.3 Registration Updating 33017.3.1 Registration Update Procedure 33017.3.2 Network Reselection 33117.4 State Transitions out of RRC_IDLE 33117.4.1 Mobile-triggered Service Request 33117.4.2 Network-triggered Service Request 333References 33418 Mobility Management in RRC_INACTIVE 33718.1 Introduction to RRC_INACTIVE 33718.1.1 Principles 33718.1.2 Suspended PDU Sessions 33818.2 Mobility Management 33918.2.1 RAN-based Notification Area Update 33918.2.2 Registration Update 34118.2.3 Mobility between a gNB and an ng-eNB 34118.3 State Transitions 34118.3.1 Transition to RRC_IDLE 34118.3.2 Mobile-triggered Resumption of the RRC Connection 34218.3.3 Network-triggered Resumption of the RRC Connection 344References 34519 Inter-operation with the Evolved Packet Core 34719.1 Inter-operation Architectures 34719.1.1 Migration Architecture 34719.1.2 Interworking Architecture 34819.1.3 Signalling Protocols 34919.1.4 State Diagrams 35019.2 Registration Modes 35019.2.1 Single Registration Mode 35019.2.2 Dual Registration Mode 35019.2.3 Temporary Identities 35119.3 Use of the Migration Architecture 35119.3.1 Configuration Procedures 35119.3.2 Mobility in RRC_IDLE 35219.3.3 RRC Release with Redirection from RRC_CONNECTED 35319.4 Interworking Without N26 35319.4.1 Configuration Procedures 35319.4.2 Mobility in Single Registration Mode 35319.4.3 Mobility in Dual Registration Mode 35419.5 Interworking with N26 35419.5.1 Configuration Procedures 35419.5.2 Mobility in RRC_IDLE 35519.5.3 Handovers in RRC_CONNECTED 357References 35920 Release 16 and Beyond 36120.1 Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) Communications 36120.1.1 Introduction 36120.1.2 Architectural Enhancements 36220.1.3 Device-to-device Communications 36320.2 Location Services 36420.2.1 Introduction 36420.2.2 System Architecture 36520.2.3 Enhancements to the Air Interface 36620.3 Integrated Access and Backhaul 36720.3.1 Introduction 36720.3.2 High-level Architecture 36720.3.3 Architectural Details 36820.4 Non-terrestrial Networks 36920.4.1 Introduction 36920.4.2 Design Challenges 37020.5 Massive Machine-type Communications 37120.5.1 Introduction 37120.5.2 Enhancements to the 5G Core Network 37120.5.3 NR Light 37220.6 Other New Features and Studies 37220.6.1 Enhancements to the Service-based Architecture 37220.6.2 Support for Vertical and LAN Services 37320.6.3 Self-optimizing Networks 37320.6.4 Use of Unlicensed Spectrum 37320.6.5 Reduction of Cross-link Interference 37420.6.6 Further Enhancements to the 5G New Radio 374References 375Further Reading 379Long-term Evolution (LTE) 379Voice over LTE (VoLTE) and the IP Multimedia Subsystem 379Spectrum, Antennas and Propagation 380Wireless Communications 380Multiple Antennas 380Digital Signal Processing 380Mathematics 3815G System 3815G Air Interface 381Index 383

O autorze

Christopher Cox, PhD, is Director of Chris Cox Communications Ltd, UK. He is a professional technical trainer and consultant in mobile telecommunications, and an expert in 5G, 4G and 3G communication technologies. He draws on this expertise in delivering technical training and intellectual property consultancy for clients drawn from network operators and equipment manufacturers worldwide.