An International Peace Court: Design for a Move from State Crime Toward World Law

ISBN-13: 9789401181815 / Angielski / Miękka / 1970 / 112 str.

Thomas Holton; George W. Keeton

Opis

The classical concept ofInternationalLa w, as developed by Gentilis, Gro tius and their successors, accepted as its starting point the sovereignty of states, from which it followed that (r) the rules of International Law were based upon the general consent of those states; and (2) that, since state sovereignty was not capable of limitation, otherwise than by the consent of the state itself, in the last resort, International Law must accept the fact of war. Two world wars within the space of thirty years, and the development of nuclear weapons of unlimited potential, have compelled statesmen and lawyers to take a fresh look at the foundations of international relations. The First World War was followed by the creation of the League of Nations, and by the establish ment of the Permanent Court of International Justice. The failure of both, insofar as the preservation of peace was concerned, was apparent in the continuance of international insecurity, culminating in World War II. This again was followed by the establishment of a new inter national organisation, the United Nations, with its auxiliary, the International Court of Justice. Nevertheless, international security seems further away than ever, and it may be suggested that it is the devastating potential of nuclear weapons, rather than the strength of international machinery, which has so far prevented a third general conflict far more disastrous than either of the two World Wars which have already taken place."

Spis treści

I. The Relevance of Law.- Responsibility for a Law of Peace.- The Placement of Responsibility.- The Format of Responsibility.- The Temptation of the Abstract.- The Reproach of the Unfamiliar.- The Present Design.- II. International Violence: The Total Challenge and the Partial Response.- International Violence: The Total Challenge.- The Partial Response.- The Security Council.- The Collective Decisions.- The Response Appraised.- III. Mission: A Move toward Law.- The Exercise of Responsibility.- By the Few.- By the Many.- Mission: A Move Toward World Law.- Credentials of Acceptability: Effectiveness and Legitimacy.- Summary.- IV. Medium: An International Peace Court.- The Choice of Means.- The Traditional Instruments of Power.- Military.- Economic.- Diplomatic.- A New Instrument: The Power of Mass Communication.- The Choice of Method.- Appeals.- Censure.- The Choice of Medium.- The General Assembly.- An International Peace Court.- V. The Court in Design.- Effective Structure.- A National Court.- The International Court of Justice.- A Special Tribunal.- A Permanent Special Tribunal.- Legitimacy.- Tacit Authorization of The United Nations Charter.- General Authorization of Article 95.- Specific Authorization of Article 52.- Participants.- Summary.- VI. The Court in Action.- Jurisdiction.- Judges.- Impartiality.- Competence.- The Lesson of the Central American Court of Justice.- National and Cultural Balance.- Parties.- Party Complainant.- Party Defendant.- The Presence of the Community.- Claims.- Included Issues of a Civil Nature.- The Issue of Statehood.- Trying the Facts.- Applying the Law.- Illustrative Case.- The Judgment.- The Addressee of the Judgment.- The Flexible Use of the Judgment.- VII. The Court in Impact.- Operational Effect.- The Circuitry of Deterrence.- The Moral Factor.- Summary.- Legal Consequence.- Toward an International Criminal Law.- Contrast with the Nurnberg and Tokyo Trials.- The Qualifications of a Criminal Tribunal.- Summary.- VIII. New Premises for a Legal Breakthrough.- First Premise: The Initiative of the Many.- Old Premise.- New Premise.- Second Premise: Moral Power as a Base of International Influence.- Old Premise.- New Premise.- Third Premise: Moral Power Harnessed to Legal Structure.- Old Premise.- New Premise.- Fourth Premise: Legal Judgment Free of the Consent of the Adjudged.- Old Premise.- New Premise.- Fifth Premise: The Unique Method of Implementation of International Law.- Old Premise.- New Premise.- Summary.- IX. Making the Move.- Establishment of the Court.- A Common Perspective.- A Common Strategy.- Maintenance of the Court.- Persons.- Place.- Procedure.- Rule Making.- Judicial Administration.- Forensic Proceedings.- Due Process Safeguards.- Summary.- X. Toward World Law.- Blessed are the Peacemakers.- Making Peace.- Community Acceptance.- Making Law.- Community Participation.- Conclusion.- Epilogue.- Model Statute for an International Peace Court.- I. General Principles.- II. Organization of the Court.- III. Jurisdiction of Parties and Subject Matter.- IV. Procedure.- V. Amendment and Participation.- Author index.