Air Pollution and Forests: Interactions Between Air Contaminants and Forest Ecosystems

ISBN-13: 9781461279556 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 618 str.

William H. Smith

Opis

This series is dedicated to serving the growing community of scholars and practitioners concerned with the principles and applications of environmental management. Each volume will be a thorough treatment of a specific topic of importance for proper management practices. A fundamental objective of these books is to help the reader discern and implement human's stewardship of our environment and the world's renewable resources. For we must strive to understand the relationship between humankind and nature, act to bring harmony to it, and nurture an environment that is both stable and productive. These objectives have often eluded us because the pursuit of other individual and societal goals has diverted us from a course of living in balance with the environment. At times, therefore, the environmental manager may have to exert restrictive control, which is usually best applied to humans, not nature. Attempts to alter or harness nature have often failed or backfired, as exemplified by the results of imprudent use of herbicides, fertilizers, water, and other agents. Each book in this series will shed light on the fundamental and applied aspects of environmental management. It is hoped that each will help solve a practical and serious environmental problem.

Spis treści

1. Introduction.- A. Perspective.- B. Forest Ecosystems.- C. Forest Stress.- 2. Air Pollution.- A. Pollutant Materials.- B. Pollutant Deposition.- C. Air Pollution Interaction with Forests.- D. Book History.- Section I: Forest Function As Sources And Sinks For Air Contaminants—Class I Interactions.- 3. Role of Forests in Major Element Cycles: Carbon, Sulfur, and Nitrogen.- A. Carbon Pollutants.- B. Sulfur Pollutants.- C. Nitrogen Pollutants.- D. Summary.- 4. Forests as Sources of Hydrocarbons, Particulates, and Other Contaminants.- A. Volatile Hydrocarbons.- B. Particulates.- C. Forest Fires.- D. Summary.- 5. Forests as Sinks for Air Contaminants: Soil Compartment.- A. Forest Soils as Particulate Sinks.- B. Forest Soils as Sinks for Atmospheric Gases.- C. Summary.- 6. Forests as Sinks for Air Contaminants: Vegetative Compartment.- A. Forest Vegetation as a Sink for Particulate Contaminants.- B. Forest Vegetation as a Sink for Gaseous Contaminants.- C. Summary.- 7. Class I Summary: Relative Importance of Forest Source and Sink Strength and Some Potential Consequences of these Functions.- A. Forests as Sources of Pollutants.- B. Forests as Sinks for Air Pollutants.- Section II: Forests Are Influenced By Air Contaminants In A Subtle Manner—Class II Interaction.- 8. Forest Tree Reproduction: Influence of Air Pollutants.- A. Pollen Production and Function.- B. Flower, Cone, and Seed Production.- C. Seedling Development.- D. Summary.- 9. Forest Nutrient Cycling: Toxic Ions.- A. Heavy Metal Ion Toxicity.- B. Hydrogen Ion Acidity and Toxicity.- C. Aluminum Toxicity.- D. Manganese Toxicity.- E. Summary.- 10. Forest Nutrient Cycling: Leaching and Weathering.- A. Vegetative Leaching.- B. Soil Leaching.- C. Soil Weathering.- D. Summary.- 11. Forest Nutrient Cycling: Rhizosphere and Symbiotic Mircroorganisms.- A. Rhizosphere.- B. Fungal Symbionts.- C. Bacterial Symbionts.- D. Other Nitrogen-Fixing Organisms.- E. Summary.- 12. Forest Tree Metabolism: Carbon Dynamics.- A. Photosynthesis.- B. Constraints on Photosynthesis.- C. Photosynthetic Suppression: Forest Tree Seedlings or Cuttings.- D. Photosynthetic Suppression: Forest Tree Saplings.- E. Photosynthetic Suppression: Large Forest Trees.- F. Photosynthetic Response to Air Contaminants: Mechanism of Suppression.- G. Carbon Allocation.- H. Respiration.- I. Summary.- 13. Forest Biotic Agent Stress: Air Pollutants and Phytophagous Forest Insects.- A. Sulfur Dioxide.- B. Oxidants.- C. Fluoride.- D. Acid Deposition.- E. Trace Metals.- F. Summary.- 14. Forest Biotic Agent Stress: Air Pollutants and Disease Caused by Microbial Pathogens.- A. Sulfur Dioxide.- B. Ozone.- C. Fluoride.- D. Particulates.- E. Summary.- 15. Forest Abiotic Agent Stress: Symptomatic Foliar Damage Directly Caused by Air Contaminants.- A. Limitations on Generalizations Concerning Direct Air Pollutant Influence on Trees.- B. Sulfur Dioxide.- C. Nitrogen Oxides.- D. Ozone.- E. Peroxyacetylnitrate.- F. Fluoride.- G. Trace Metals.- H. Acid Deposition.- I. Other Air Contaminants.- J. Summary.- 16. Class II Summary: Forest Responds by Exhibiting Alterations in Growth, Biomass, Species Composition, Disease, and Insect Outbreaks.- A. Forest Growth Reduction Caused by Air Pollution.- B. Altered Succession and Species Composition.- C . Altered Forest Pest Influence.- D. Case Study: Response of a Forest Ecosystem to Air Pollution.- E. Summary.- Section III: Forest Ecosystems Are Influenced By Air Contaminants In A Dramatic Manner—Class III Interactions.- 17. Forest Ecosystem Destruction: A Localized Response to Excessive Air Pollution.- A. Sulfur Dioxide.- B. Fluorides.- C. Other Pollutants.- D. Summary.- 18. Forest Dieback/Decline: A Regional Response to Excessive Air Pollution Exposure.- A. Some Concepts of Forest Morbidity and Morality.- B. Forest Dieback/Decline.- C. Red Spruce Decline in North America.- D. Summary.- Section IV: Global Atmospheric Stress And Forest Risk Assessment.- 19. Alterations in Global Radiation Fluxes: Implications for Forest Health.- A. Global-Scale Air Contaminants.- B. Global Pollutant Regulation of Atmospheric Radiation Fluxes.- C. Forest Ecosystem Impact of Increased Ultraviolet Radiation at the Surface of the Earth.- D. Forest Ecosystem Impact of Increased Carbon Dioxide and Altered Global Climate.- E. Conclusions.- 20 . Forest Quality and Air Quality: Forest Health Risk and Future Needs.- A. Fundamentals of Forest Health.- B. Relative Importance of Specific Air Pollutants to Forest Ecosystems.- C. Relative Importance of Air Pollutants for Specific Forest Regions: United States Summary of Risk.- D. Future Needs.- E. Conclusion.