Agroecological Approaches for Sustainable Soil Management

ISBN-13: 9781119911968 / Angielski / Twarda / 2023 / 400 str.

MNV Prasad

Spis treści

List of Contributors xvPreface xxiAbout the Editors xxv1 Soil Degradation: A Major Challenge in the Twenty- First Century 1Fábio Carvalho Nunes, Cláudia Cseko Nolasco de Carvalho, Lander de Jesus Alves, and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad1.1 Introduction 11.2 Soil Degradation: Start and Consequences 41.3 Soil Protection, Conservation, and Recuperation Strategies 121.4 Challenges for the Twenty- First Century 141.5 Final Considerations 16References 172 Degradation of Agriculture Systems by Invasive Alien Plants and Agroecological Approaches for Sustainable Restoration 23Prabhat Kumar Rai2.1 Introduction 232.1.1 Effects of IAPs on Soil Attributes and Microbial Diversity of Agroecosystems 252.2 Agroecological Solutions 292.2.1 Physical Weed Control Methods 292.2.2 Cultural Control Method 292.2.3 Stale Seed Bed 302.2.4 Cover Cropping 302.2.5 Intercropping 302.2.6 Crop Rotation 312.2.7 Crop Selection 312.2.8 Cover Cropping 312.3 Biological Control Methods 332.4 Classical or Inoculative Biological Control 332.4.1 Inundative or Augmentative Biological Control 342.5 Allelopathy in Agroecosystems 342.6 Restoration and Carbon Sequestration Approaches in Agro/Ecosystem/ Forestry Systems 352.7 Conclusions 372.7.1 Declaration of Competing Interest 38Acknowledgment 38References 383 Soil Management for Carbon Sequestration 49Taoufik El Rasafi, Ahmed El Moukhtari, Ayoub Haouas, Anas Tallou, Wassila Bouta, Yassine Aallam, Soumia Amir, Hanane Hamdali, Mohamed Farissi, Abdelmajid Haddioui, and Abdallah Oukarroum3.1 Introduction 493.2 Agronomic Management Practices 503.2.1 Tillage 503.2.2 Nutrient Management 513.2.3 Organic Amendments 513.2.3.1 Biochar 513.2.3.2 Organic Residues 523.2.4 Crop Rotation 533.2.5 Carbon Sequestration Potential of Agroforestry Systems 533.2.6 Effect of Water Quality and Irrigation Practices on Soil Sequestration 543.2.7 Contribution of Microorganisms to Soil Carbon Sequestration 553.3 Conclusion 57References 574 Soil Degradation, Resilience, Restoration, and Sustainable Use 65Diana Cota- Ungson, Yolanda González- García, and Antonio Juárez- Maldonado4.1 Introduction 654.2 Impacts of Human Activity on Soil Degradation 664.2.1 Agriculture 664.2.2 Overgrazing 674.2.3 Mining 674.2.4 Negative Effects Derived from Human Activity 684.2.4.1 Organic Carbon Change 684.2.4.2 Nutrient Imbalance and Loss of Soil Biodiversity 684.2.4.3 Salinization, Pollution, and Soil Acidification 684.2.4.4 Sealing of the Soil and Occupation of the Territory 694.2.4.5 Soil Compaction and Waterlogging 694.3 Methods to Restore the Soil 694.3.1 Conservation Agriculture 694.3.2 Soil Amendments 704.3.3 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) 714.3.4 Grazing Management 714.3.5 Phytoremediation 724.4 Sustainable Use of the Soil 724.4.1 Production Systems Based on Polycultures 734.4.2 Agroforestry Systems 744.4.3 Crop Rotation 744.4.4 Cover Crops 754.4.5 Conservation Tillage 754.5 Conclusions 76References 775 Organic Farming - a Sustainable Option to Reduce Soil Degradation 83Ana Paula Pinto, Jorge M.S. Faria, A. V. Dordio, and A. J. Palace Carvalho5.1 Introduction 835.2 Land Degradation-What Are we Doing to our Soil? 855.3 Organic Farming-An Environmentally Sustainable Trend Expanding Worldwide 895.4 Organic Farming and Soil Fertility 935.4.1 Organic Matter 945.4.2 Nutrient Cycling 965.4.3 Microbial Biomass 1035.4.4 Biostimulants 1085.5 Conclusions 115References 1176 Ecological Restoration of Degraded Soils Through Protective Afforestation 145Marcin Pietrzykowski, BartBomiej Wos, and Marek Paja(k6.1 Introduction 1456.2 The Importance of Reclamation for the Protection of Post- Mining Sites 1466.3 Soil Reconstruction in Varied Post- Mine Site Conditions 1486.4 Criteria for Assessing the Adaptation of Tree Species to the Conditions of Reclaimed Areas 1506.5 The Impact of Tree Species on Soil Properties 1556.6 Conclusion 158Acknowledgments 159References 1597 Biochar Applications for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Management 165Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad7.1 Introduction 1657.2 Resume of Biochar for Sustainable Soil Management 1667.3 Biochar Advantages for Sustainable Soil Management 1697.4 Feedstock for Production of Biochar 1707.5 Soil Carbon Storage/Sequestration 1717.6 Biochar Influence on Detoxification of Potentially Toxic Elements in Soil 1747.7 Biochar Mitigates Salinity in Different Crop Fields 1777.8 Miscellaneous Benefits of Biochar for Soil Sustainability 179References 1858 Restoring Ecosystems: Guidance from Agroecology for Sustainability in Thailand 201Woranan Nakbanpote, Pranee Srihaban, Wutthisat Chokkuea, Winya Dungkaew, Uraiwan Taya, Piyanutt Khanema, Ruttanakorn Munjit, Ponlakit Jitto, Piyapatr Busababodhin, Surasak Khankhum, Khanitta Somtrakoon, and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad8.1 Introduction 2018.2 Importance of Agricultural Strategy and Ecological Restoration in Thailand 2028.3 Management of Thailand's Restoration of Agricultural Areas 2048.3.1 Large- Scale Agriculture and Modern Agricultural Technology 2058.3.2 Small- Scale Agriculture and Sustainable Agricultural Systems 2078.3.2.1 Integrated Farming 2098.3.2.2 Organic Farming 2098.3.2.3 Natural Farming 2098.3.2.4 Agroforestry 2098.3.2.5 New Theory Agriculture 2108.4 Special Cases of Restoration and Sustainable Agriculture in Thailand 2138.4.1 Rice Cultivation in Inland Saline Soil of Northeast Thailand 2138.4.2 Restoring Arid Areas to Become a Floating Market in the Forest with the King's Philosophy 2188.4.3 Integrated Agricultural Learning Center for Sustainability 2208.4.4 Large Community Organic Rice Fields 2208.5 Conclusions 224Acknowledgements 224References 2259 Emergy Approach to the Sustainable Use of Ecosystems toward Better Land Management 231Joana Marinheiro, Ana Fonseca, João Serra, and Cláudia Marques- dos- Santos9.1 Introduction 2319.2 Emergy Methodology 2329.3 Review Methodology 2339.4 Mixed Farming 2359.5 Emergy Applied to Mixed Farming 2359.6 Emergy Indices and Scope Widening 2369.7 Main Findings and Gaps in Literature 2419.8 Future Advises 242References 24210 Agroecological Transformation for Sustainable Food Systems 247Ayoub Haouas, Anas Tallou, Soumia Amir, Abdelmajid Haddioui, Abdallah Oukarroum, and Taoufik El Rasafi10.1 Introduction 24710.2 Agroecology 24810.2.1 Agroecology and Food Systems 24910.2.2 Principles of Agroecology 24910.2.3 In Farm Practices 25010.2.3.1 Intercropping 25110.2.3.2 Biological Control of Pests 25110.2.3.3 Recycling into Biofertilizers 25110.2.3.4 Resilience 25210.3 Agroecological Approaches 25210.3.1 Conservation Agriculture 25210.3.2 Organic Agriculture 25310.3.3 Integrated Farming 25410.3.4 Agroforestry 25410.3.5 Permaculture 25410.4 Limits 25510.5 Prospects 25510.6 Conclusion 256References 25611 Alternative Production Systems ("Roof- Top," Vertical, Hydroponic, and Aeroponic Farming) 261Ágnes Szepesi11.1 Introduction 26111.2 Rooftop Farming/Agriculture (RA) and Vertical Farming 26211.3 Hydroponic Farming 26811.4 Aeroponic Farming 27011.5 Future Perspectives 270Acknowledgments 272References 27212 Regaining the Essential Ecosystem Services in Degraded Lands 277V. Girijaveni, K. Sammi Reddy, J.V.N.S. Prasad, V.K. Singh, and Chitranjan Kumar12.1 Introduction 27712.2 Soil and Water Conservation Techniques 27912.3 Soil Management 28012.3.1 Engineering Measures for Controlling Soil Erosion 28012.3.1.1 Bunding 28012.3.1.2 Contour Farming 28112.3.1.3 Contour Trenching 28112.3.1.4 Terracing 28212.4 Loose Boulder/Stone/Masonry Check Dams/Brushwood Check Dams 28312.5 Crop Management 28412.5.1 Conservation Tillage 28612.5.2 Objectives of Minimum Tillage 28712.5.2.1 Listing 28712.5.2.2 Crop Rotation 28812.5.2.3 Grassed Waterways 28812.5.2.4 Site Selection Criteria 28912.6 Soil Erosion Models for Quantification 28912.7 Integrated Nutrient Management to Address the Soil Degradation 29012.8 Improving Soil Ecosystem Services Through Soil Microorganisms 292References 29413 Phytochemicals as an Eco- Friendly Source for Sustainable Management of Soil- Borne Plant Pathogens in Soil Ecosystem 303Shikha Tiwari, Nawal K. Dubey, and Chitranjan Kumar13.1 Introduction 30313.2 Soil- Borne Pathogens: Major Threat to Agroecosystem 30513.3 Green Chemicals as Better Alternatives to Synthetic Pesticides to Combat Soil- Borne Pests 30613.4 Nanoencapsulation as a Booster to Green Pesticides 30913.5 Conclusion 313References 31314 Restoration of Saline Soils for Sustainable Crop Production 319Bülent OKUR, Nesrin ÖRÇEN, and Nur OKUR14.1 Introduction 31914.2 Characteristics of Saline Soils 32014.3 Impact of Soil Salinization on Plant Growth 32214.4 Restoration of Saline Soils 32714.4.1 Leaching of Excess Salt along Soil Profile 32714.4.2 Surface Flushing of Salts 32814.4.3 Physical Remediation 32814.4.4 Electro- Kinetic Remediation 32914.4.5 Salt- Tolerant Plants, Halophytes, and Organic Matter Applications 32914.4.6 Inoculation of Microorganisms 33114.5 Conclusion 332References 33415 Conservation Agriculture as Sustainable and Smart Soil Management: When Food Systems Meet Sustainability 339Rachid Mrabet, Akashdeep Singh, and Tarun Sharma15.1 Introduction: Challenging A "Global Syndemic" 33915.2 Conservation Agriculture: Exploring Concept, Objectives, and Ambitions 34015.3 Harnessing Soil Functioning under Conservation Agriculture 34115.4 Food Security Under Conservation Agriculture: From Farm to Fork 34515.5 CA Systems as Drivers for Social Development and Economic Growth 34615.6 Challenges and Socio- Economic Barriers for CA Adoption 34715.7 Conclusion: Bridging and Bonding CA Science and Policy 348References 34916 The Ecology of Intercropping Systems, Tree- Cover Dynamics of Grazing Lands, and Cover Crops for Soil Management 357Chitranjan Kumar, Anil K. Singh , Deepak R. Joshi, and David E. Clay16.1 Introduction 35716.2 Intercropping Systems 35816.3 Sustainable Forest Management 36016.4 Cover Crops for Sustainable Soil Management 36216.5 Conclusion 365References 36717 Strategies for Restoration and Utilization of Degraded Lands for Sustainable Oil Palm Plantation and Industry 373Ronny Purwadi, Sanggono Adisasmito, Daniel Pramudita, and Antonius Indarto17.1 Introduction 37317.2 Palm Oil Plantations: Characteristics and Issues 37617.3 Degraded Land: Definition and Rehabilitation Efforts 38017.4 Operation Strategies 38717.4.1 Identification of Initial Constraints 38717.4.2 Selecting Suitable Degraded Land 39117.4.3 Species Selection (for Rotation Farming and Interrow Covering) 39317.4.4 Nursery Practices 39417.4.5 Cultivation and Maintenance 39617.4.6 Harvesting and Marketing 39917.5 Challenges and Opportunities 40017.6 Conclusion 403References 40418 Reclaiming Urban Brownfields and Industrial Areas-Potentials for Agroecology 409Petra Schneider, Tino Fauk, and Florin- Constantin Mihai18.1 Introduction 40918.2 Characterizing Urban Brownfields and Industrial Areas 41018.2.1 Overview on Urban Brownfields and Industrial Areas and Respective Hazards 41018.2.2 Development Potentials of Urban Brownfields and Industrial Areas 41418.2.3 New Approaches to a Land Saving Management 41518.3 After Use Options for Urban Brownfields and Industrial Areas 41718.3.1 General Options and Restrictions 41718.3.2 Restoration and Green Infrastructure 41918.3.3 Revitalization Options 42118.3.4 Market Demand, Barriers, and Requirements 42118.3.5 Land Management 42318.4 Role of Soil Management 42418.5 Potentials for Agroecology 42518.5.1 Dimensions of Potential Agroecological Applications 42518.5.2 Small- Scale Applications 42518.5.3 Large- Scale Applications 42718.5.4 Forestry and Natural Succession 42918.5.5 Agroecological Applications on Polluted Sites-Phytoremediation 43118.6 Conclusions 43118.7 Outlook 432References 43319 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Sustaining Saline and Metal Contaminated Soils 437Chitranjan Kumar, Ajay Tomar, Sangeeta Pandey, and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad19.1 Introduction 43719.2 PGPR: Modes of Action to Improve Plant Growth 43819.3 Molecular Characterization of PGPRs 43819.4 PGPR: A Competent, Facultative, and Intracellular Microorganism 43919.5 Signal Exchange between PGPRs and Root Hairs 44019.6 Ammonia Production 44219.7 Production of IAA and HCN 44219.8 Solubilization of Nutrients (P, K, Ca, Zn, and Mg) 44319.9 Siderophore Production 44319.10 The Phenomenon of Antagonism and Hyperparasitism 44419.11 Alleviation of Metal Stress 44519.12 Assessment of Plant Growth- Promoting Activities 44619.13 Assessment of Bacterial Reactions to Heavy Metals 44819.14 Conclusion 449References 45020 Internet of Things (IoT) in Soil Management for Achieving Smart Agriculture 457Amir Parnian, Mehdi Mahbod, Chanchal K. Mitra, Hossein Beyrami, and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad20.1 Introduction 45720.1.1 What Is a Network? 45920.1.2 How Does the IoT Work? 45920.1.3 How Does the Network Work? 46120.1.4 What Is Wi- Fi and How Does Wireless Communication Work? 46220.2 Sensors and Data in IoT- Based Systems 46420.2.1 The Sensors 46420.2.2 Temperature Sensors 46420.2.3 Humidity Sensors 46520.2.4 Sensors for Soil Moisture 46620.2.5 Sensors for pH and Dissolved Solids 46620.3 The Data 46720.4 IoT in Agriculture 46720.5 IoT in Soil Science 46920.6 IoT Parts: Soil Sensors and Parameter Monitoring with IoT- Linked Sensors 46920.6.1 Soil Temperature 47020.6.2 Soil Moisture 47120.6.3 Solar Radiation 47320.6.4 Weather 47320.6.5 Fertilizer 47320.7 A Better Understanding of Soil Conditions (Fertility, Degradation, Irrigation, Detection of Soil- Borne Diseases, etc.) 47320.8 The Future Role of IoT in Smart Agriculture 47520.9 Technology in Advanced Farming 47620.10 Risks of IoT in Land Management and Food Security 47920.11 Conclusion 480References 480Index 487

O autorze

Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad is an Emeritus Professor, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, India. He has published over 219 papers and edited 34 books. He received a Doctorate in Botany from Lucknow University, India in 1979.Dr. Chitranjan Kumar (MSc Gold Medallist, NET, D.Phil.) is a faculty member of Amity University and a well-known international soil scientist in the field of phyto-bio-remediation/management of sewage-irrigated soils/organic fertigation.