1. The context; 2. Origins: social change on the lower Nile; 3. The Mediterranean frontier: North Africa; 4. Sudanic genesis: Nubia; 5. Isolation: the Ethiopian and Eritrean Highlands; 6. Opportunity and constraint in the West African savanna; 7. Achieving power: the West African forest and its fringes; 8. Indian Ocean networks: the East African coast and islands; 9. Cattle, ivory and gold: social complexity in Zambezia; 10. Central Africa: the Upemba Depression, Interlacustrine region and far west; 11. Settlement growth and emerging polities: South Africa; 12. What are the common denominators?