African Agricultural Production Development Policy in Kenya 1952-1965

ISBN-13: 9783540034445 / Angielski / Miękka / 1966 / 164 str.

H. Ruthenberg

Opis

In volume 2 of the "Afrika-Studien" an appraisal of the agricultural development policy in Tanganyika (now Tanzania) from 1950 to 1963 was made. This report is a continuation of the work in East Africa, with the emphasis lying on a tentative quantitative assessment of costs and benefits of smallholder development. There are few countries in Africa south of the Sahara where as many and as various measures for the promotion of small holder farming have been tried as consistently and intensively as in Kenya. In particular the "Swynnerton Plan" led to the employment of substantial sums in African farming. Some of the approaches have been highly success ful, others not. It is the purpose of this report to inform about aims and institutions, methods and difficulties, costs and benefits. Prof. Dr. EMIL WOERMANN Institut fiir landwirtschaftliche Betriebs- und Landarbeitslehre, Gottingen Acknowledgements As usual with reports of this nature, my main debt is to a great number of smallholders, settlers, scheme managers, Agricultural Officers and Instruc tors who so willingly discussed their problems with me and thus provided the information on which this report is based. I am most grateful for the support rendered by the various Departments of the Kenya Government. A debt of gratitude is owed particularly to the Fritz Thyssen Foundation, Cologne, which provided the funds and to the Ifo-Institute, Munich, which provides the institutional framework for German economic research work in East Africa. Most valuable advice and criticism was given by Mr. ]. D."

Spis treści

A. Introduction.- B. Stages in Development Policies.- I. The Establishment of the White Highlands.- II. African Land Development up to the Early Fifties.- III. The Emergency and its Economic Consequences.- IV. Independence and the Africanisation of Kenya’s Agriculture.- C. A Benefit-Cost Analysis of Different Approaches to Agricultural Development in Kenya 1952–65.- I. Agricultural Administration and Extension.- 1. Aims, Institutions, Methods.- a) Aims.- b) Institutions.- c) Methods of Approach.- ?) Approach to the Farmer.- ?) Approach to the Location and its Land Tenure.- ?) Approach to Activities.- ?) Approach to the Farm.- ?) Approach to Means of Productions.- 2. Difficulties, Benefits and Costs.- a) Difficulties.- ?) Socio-Political Handicaps.- ?) Shortcomings in Husbandry.- ?) Inefficient Labor Use.- ?) Handicaps to Farm Planning.- ?) Handicaps of a Colonial Administration.- b) Benefits and Public Costs, an Analysis in Three Districts.- ?) Benefits.- ?) Public Costs.- 3. Evaluation.- II. Smallholder Tea Development (Field Sector only).- 1. Aims, Institutions and Methods.- a) Aims.- b) Institutions.- c) Methods.- 2. Difficulties, Benefits and Costs.- a) Difficulties.- b) Benefits.- c) Costs.- 3. Evaluation.- III. Grazing Schemes.- 1. Aims, Institutions and Methods.- 2. Difficulties, Benefits and Costs.- 3. Evaluation.- IV. Settlement in New Areas.- 1. Aims, Institutions and Methods.- a) Aims.- b) Institutions.- c) Methods.- ?) Settlement in Expansion Areas.- ?) Planned Settlement on Rain-fed Land.- ?) Irrigation Settlement.- 2. Difficulties, Benefits and Costs.- a) Settlement on Rain-fed Land.- b) Irrigation Settlement.- 3. Evaluation.- V. Resettlement in the Former Scheduled Areas.- 1. Aims, Institutions and Methods.- a) Aims.- b) Institutions.- c) Methods.- 2. Difficulties, Benefits and Costs.- a) Difficulties.- ?) The Crash Programme.- ?) Tribal Rigidities.- ?) Arbitrary Selection of Settlers.- ?) Shortcomings in Animal Husbandry.- ?) Problems of Land Use.- ?) Increase in Erosion.- ?) Hoe, Ox-Plough or Tractor?.- ?) Non-fulfilment of the Budget Targets.- ?) Over-burdened Co-operatives.- ?) Insufficient Authority and Supervision.- b) Benefits.- ?) Political Benefits.- ?) Social Benefits.- ?) Economic Benefits.- c) Costs.- 3. Evaluation.- VI. African Large Farms in the Former Scheduled Areas.- 1. Aims, Institutions and Methods.- a) Aims.- b) Institutions.- c) Methods.- 2. Difficulties, Benefits and Costs.- a) Difficulties.- ?) Lack of Capital.- ?) Lack of Appropriate Institutions.- ?) Lack of Know-how and Drive.- b) Benefits and Costs.- ?) Benefits.- ?) Costs.- 3. Evaluation.- VII An Economie Comparison.- D. The Changes Since Independence.- I. Africanisation.- II. African Socialism.- III. The Development Plan 1965–70.- E. Future Aspects of Production Development Policy.- I. Indications for a New Appraisal.- II. The Paramount Importance of Urban Purchasing Power for Progress in Agriculture.- III. Future Aspects of Smallholder Development in the Former Reserves.- 1. Possibilities and Limitations of “Close Supervision”.- 2. Possibilities and Limitations of the “Voluntary Approach”.- 3. Possibilities and Limitations of “Direct Pressure”.- 4. A Possible Answer: The Combination of Incentives and Indirect Pressure.- a) Loans to Smallholders.- b) A High Tax on the Land.- c) The Importance of Land Registration.- IV. Future Aspects of Agricultural Development in the Former Scheduled Areas.- 1. The Need for More Africanisation.- 2. Stabilisation and Expansion of Resettlement Schemes.- a) Stabilisation.- b) Expansion.- 3. Stabilisation and Expansion of the Large Farm Economy.- a) The Need for Large Farms.- b) A New Approach to African Large Farms.- c) Co-operative Farms.- d) National Farms.- V. New Aspects of Land Development.- 1. Grazing Development.- 2. New Land for Arable Farming.- 3. Irrigation Development.- F. Conclusions.- G. Appendices.