Advances in Nuclear Physics: Volume 2

ISBN-13: 9781468483451 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 430 str.

Michel Baranger; Erich Vogt

Opis

The aim of Advances in Nuclear Physics is to provide review papers which chart the field of nuclear physics with some regularity and completeness. We define the field of nuclear physics as that which deals with the structure and behavior of atomic nuclei. Although many good books and reviews on nuclear physics are available, none attempts to provide a coverage which is at the same time continuing and reasonably complete. Many people have felt the need for a new series to fill this gap and this is the ambition of Advances in Nuclear Physics. The articles will be aimed at a wide audience, from research students to active research workers. The selection of topics and their treatment will be varied but the basic viewpoint will be pedagogical. In the past two decades the field of nuclear physics has achieved its own identity, occupying a central position between elementary particle physics on one side and atomic and solid state physics on the other. Nuclear physics is remarkable both by its unity, which it derives from its concise boundaries, and by its amazing diversity, which stems from the multiplicity of experimental approaches and from the complexity of the nucleon-nucleon force.Physicists specializing in one aspect of this strongly unified, yet very complex, field find it imperative to stay well-informed of the other aspects. This provides a strong motivation for a comprehensive series of reviews.

Spis treści

1 The Giant Dipole Resonance.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Early Models of the Giant Resonance.- 2.1 The Collective Model of the Giant Resonance.- 2.2 The Independent Particle Model of the Giant Resonance.- 3. The Measurement of Giant Resonance Properties.- 3.1 The Use of the Bremsstrahlung Spectrum.- 3.2 The Methods of Making Differential Photonuclear Measurements.- 4. The Structure of the Giant Resonance.- 4.1 The Giant Resonance of Deformed Nuclei—Collective Model.- 4.2 The Giant Resonance of Deformed Nuclei—Independent Particle Model.- 4.3 The Giant Resonance of Heavy Spherical Nuclei.- 5. The Giant Resonance of Closed-Shell Nuclei.- 5.1 The Particle-Hole Model.- 5.2 Inclusion of Continuum Effects in the Particle-Hole Model.- 5.3 Discussion of the Giant Resonances of Selected Nuclei.- 5.4 Critique of the Particle-Hole Model.- 5.5 The Inclusion of n-Particle-n-Hole Configurations in the Calculation of Dipole States.- 5.6 Isospin Splitting of the Giant Resonance.- 6. Conclusion.- References.- 2 Polarization Phenomena in Nuclear Reactions.- 1. Polarized Sources.- 1.1 Sources of Polarized Protons.- 1.2 Deuterons.- 1.3 Absolute Values of the Polarization.- 1.4 Depolarization Effects in Accelerators.- 1.5 Polarized Beams by Other Methods.- 2. Elastic Scattering.- 2.1 Polarization and Asymmetry.- 2.2 Protons.- 2.3 Deuterons.- 2.4 He3 and H3.- 3. Inelastic Proton Scattering.- 3.1 Macroscopic Model and Collective States.- 3.2 Microscopic Model.- 3.3 The Nuclear Wave Functions.- 3.4 The Effective Force.- 3.5 The S = 0 and S = 1 Interactions.- 3.6 Antisymmetrization.- 4. Transfer Reactions.- 4.1 The Data.- 4.2 The Theories.- 5. Conclusions.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 3 The Pairing-Plus-Quadrupole Model.- 1. Introduction, The Model and Its Experimental Basis.- 1.1 Shell Model.- 1.2 Residual Interaction, Quadrupole Force.- 1.3 Residual Interaction, Pairing Force.- 2. The Strength of the Interactions.- 2.1 Value of ?.- 2.2 Value of G.- 2.3 Realistic Forces.- 2.4 Pairing Energy in Nuclear Matter.- 3. Solutions to the Pairing Hamiltonian.- 3.1 The Phases.- 3.2 Exact Solutions.- 3.3 The BCS Method.- 3.4 Matrix Elements.- 3.5 Perturbation Treatment of the Superconducting Solution.- 4. Solutions to the Quadrupole Hamiltonian.- 4.1 Exact Solutions.- 4.2 The Deformed-Field Approximation.- 4.3 Calculation of Deformation.- 4.4 Calculation of the Moment of Inertia.- 5. Vibrations.- 5.1 Tamm-Dancoff and Random-Phase Approximations.- 5.2 Adiabatic Harmonic Approximation.- 5.3 Comparison with Experimental Data.- 5.4 Departures from Harmonicity.- 5.5 Odd Nuclei.- 5.6 Comparison with the Experimental Data in Odd Nuclei.- 5.7 Pairing Vibrations.- 5.8 Experimental Evidence of Pairing Vibrations in Lead Isotopes.- 5.9 Miscellaneous Applications.- 6. Comparison with Other Forces.- 7. Conclusion.- Acknowledgments.- References.- Appendix A.- Appendix B.- 4 The Nuclear Potential.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Two-Nucleon Data and Their Implications.- 2.1 Selecting the Data.- 2.2 Phase-Shift Analyses of the Data.- 3. Phenomenological and Semiphenomenological Potentials.- 3.1 The 1?-Exchange Potential.- 3.2 Hard- and Soft-Core Potentials.- 3.3 Finite-Core Potentials.- 3.4 Boundary-Condition Potentials.- 3.5 Nonlocal Potentials.- 3.6 Momentum-Dependent Potentials.- 3.7 One-Boson-Exchange Potentials.- 3.8 Summary.- 4. Proton-Proton Bremsstrahlung.- 4.1 Calculations and Experiment: Historical Background..- 4.2 Formalism and Low-Energy Derivations.- 4.3 Comparison with Experiment.- 4.4 Model-Independent Calculations.- 4.5 PPB and the Nuclear Force.- 5. Theory: The Nuclear Force as an Elementary-Particle Process.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 5 Muonic Atoms.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Experimental Methods.- 2.1 Production of Muonic Atoms.- 2.2 Detection of Electromagnetic Radiation.- 2.3 Recording and Analysis of Spectra.- 3. Energy Levels of Muonic Atoms.- 3.1 General Theory.- 3.2 Static Nuclear Approximation.- 3.3 Dynamic Nuclear Interaction.- 3.4 Corrections to Energy Levels.- 4. Electromagnetic Transitions.- 4.1 Transition Rates.- 4.2 Population of States.- 4.3 Internal Conversion.- 5. The Nuclear Charge Distribution.- 5.1 Monopole-Charge Distribution.- 5.2 Isotope Shifts.- 5.3 Static Multipoles.- 6. Strongly Deformed Nuclei.- 6.1 Quadrupole Interaction.- 6.2 Transition Intensities.- 6.3 Nuclear Models.- 6.4 Experimental Results.- 7. Nuclear Transitions.- 7.1 Nuclear Excitation by Resonant Interaction.- 7.2 Nuclear Transitions from a 1s Muon State.- 8. Intensities of Muonic X Rays.- 8.1 Intensities of Spectral Series.- 8.2 Chemical Effects.- 8.3 Relative Intensity of Fine-Structure Components.- 8.4 Polarization of Muons.- 8.5 Miscellaneous Properties of the Ground State.- Acknowledgments.- References.