Advances in Nuclear Physics: Volume 1

ISBN-13: 9781475701050 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 418 str.

Baranger, Michel

Opis

The aim of Advances in Nuclear Physics is to provide review papers which chart the field of nuclear physics with some regularity and completeness. We define the field of nuclear physics as that which deals with the structure and behavior of atomic nuclei. Although many good books and reviews on nuclear physics are available, none attempts to provide a coverage which is at the same time continuing and reasonably complete. Many people have felt the need for a new series to fill this gap and this is the ambition of Advances in Nuclear Physics. The articles will be aimed at a wide audience, from research students to active research workers. The selection of topics and their treatment will be varied but the basic viewpoint will be pedagogical. In the past two decades the field of nuclear physics has achieved its own identity, occupying a central position between elementary particle physics on one side and atomic and solid state physics on the other. Nuclear physics is remarkable both by its unity, which it derives from its concise boundaries, and by its amazing diversity, which stems from the multiplicity of experimental approaches and from the complexity of the nucleon-nucleon force. Physicists specializing in one aspect of this strongly unified, yet very complex, field find it imperative to stay well-informed of the other aspects. This provides a strong motivation for a comprehensive series of reviews.

Spis treści

1 The Reorientation Effect.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Classical Estimates of Effects.- 2.1 External Field Gradients.- 2.2 Electronic Field Gradient.- 2.3 Muonic X Rays.- 2.4 Coulomb Excitation.- 3. Theory of Coulomb Excitation.- 3.1 Approximations.- 3.2 First-Order Perturbation Theory.- 3.3 Second-Order Perturbation Theory as a Guide to the Exact Solution.- 3.4 Symmetrization of the Excitation Process.- 4. Theory of the Reorientation Effect.- 4.1 The Amplitude for the Excitation 0+ ? 2+.- 4.2 The Excitation Probability.- 4.3 The Angular Distribution of the De-excitation Gamma Rays.- 4.4 Magnetic Dipole Reorientation.- 4.5 Corrections for Multiple E2 Transitions.- 5. Excitation via the Giant Dipole Resonance.- 5.1 The Transition Probability.- 5.2 Interpretation as Polarization Effect.- 6. Experimental Methods.- 6.1 Bombarding Conditions.- 6.2 Measurement of Cross Sections.- 6.3 Measurement of the Gamma-Ray Angular Distribution.- 6.4 Measurement of the Excitation of the Projectile.- 7. Reorientation Experiments.- 7.1 Experimental Methods Used.- 7.2 Results.- 7.3 Discussion.- Acknowledgments.- Appendix I. Numerical Expressions.- Appendix II. Tables of Orbital Integrals.- Appendix III. Approximate Formula for the Reorientation Effect.- References.- 2 The Nuclear SU3 Model.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Basic Shell Model.- 2.1 General Theory.- 2.2 Invariance Properties.- 2.3 Approximate- and Broken-Symmetry Groups.- 2.4 Rotational Features in the 1p Shell.- 3. Symmetry of Oscillator Quanta — The Groups U3 and SU3.- 3.1 Problems.- 3.2 Formal Properties of U3 and SU3.- 3.3 Classification According to U3 and SU3.- 3.4 Simultaneous Classification According to SA and SU3.- 3.5 Classification According to SU3 and R3.- 3.6 Classification According to SU3 and SU2 × U1.- 3.7 Construction of States Classified According to SU3 and R3.- 4. The Effective Interaction.- 4.1 General Principles.- 4.2 The Quadrupole-Quadrupole Force.- 4.3 The Casimir Operator of SU3.- 5. Application of the SU3-Coupling Scheme to Light Nuclei.- 5.1 General Remarks.- 5.2 Accuracy of the SU3 Classification Scheme in the (2s, 1d) Shell.- 5.3 Positive-Parity States of Doubly Even Nuclei in the (2s, 1d) Shell.- 5.4 Positive-Parity States of Odd A and Doubly Odd Nuclei in the (2s, 1d) Shell.- 5.5 Negative-Parity States in the (2s, 1d) Shell.- 5.6 Multi-Excitation States in the (2s, 1d) Shell.- 5.7 Multi-Excitation States in the 1p Shell.- 6. Summary and Developments.- Acknowledgments.- References.- Appendix A. Harmonic Oscillator.- Appendix B. Use of Groups in Quantum Mechanics.- Appendix C. The Symmetric and Unitary Groups.- Appendix D. Generating Operators of Us.- Appendix E. Classification According to SU3 without the Harmonic Oscillator.- Appendix F. Raising and Lowering Operators of the Group SU3.- Appendix G. Calculation of Matrix Elements.- Appendix H. The Normalization Coefficients and Overlaps.- Appendix I. Use of the Group SU3 in the Classification of Elementary Particles.- 3 The Hartree-Fock Theory of Deformed Light Nuclei.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Hartree-Fock Equations.- 3. Symmetries of the Hartree-Fock Hamiltonian.- 3.1 Time-Reversal Symmetry.- 3.2 Parity and Axial Symmetry.- 3.3 Isospin Invariance.- 3.4 Spherical Symmetry.- 3.5 Spin and Isospin Invariance.- 4. The Choice of an Expansion for the Orbits.- 4.1 Spherical Symmetry.- 4.2 Axial Symmetry.- 4.3 Ellipsoidal Symmetry.- 4.4 Time-Reversal and Mixed-Parity Solutions.- 5. Single Major Shell Hartree-Fock Calculations.- 5.1 Spherical Solutions.- 5.2 The Use of a Reference Closed-Shell Nucleus.- 5.3 The Choice of the Interaction Strength, of the Single-Particle Energies, and of the Oscillator Constant.- 6. Solutions of the Single Major-Shell Hartree-Fock Calculations for Even-Even N = Z Nuclei.- 6.1 Spherical Solutions.- 6.2 Axially Symmetric Solutions.- 6.3 Ellipsoidal Solutions.- 6.4 The Energy Gap and the Spectrum of the Hartree-Fock Orbits.- 7. Deformed Excited Equilibrium States of Spherical Nuclei.- 8. A Soluble Model—The Effect of the Exchange Components of the Interaction.- 9. The Deformation of the Hartree-Fock Field—The Quadrupole-Quadrupole Interaction.- 10. The Effect of the Spin-Orbit Splitting.- 11. The Multiplicity of Hartree-Fock Solutions.- 12. Hartree-Fock Solutions of Other Nuclei.- 13. Magnetic Moments of Odd-A Nuclei.- 14. Angular Momentum Projection.- 15. Major-Shell-Mixing Hartree-Fock Calculations—Quadrupole Polarization of Closed Shells.- 16. Conclusion.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 4 The Statistical Theory of Nuclear Reactions.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1 Early Evaporation Models.- 1.2 Refinement of the Early Evaporation Models.- 2. The Model for Average Cross Sections.- 2.1 Basic Evaporation Theory.- 2.2 Extension of the Model to Differential Cross Sections.- 2.3 Behavior of Transmission Functions.- 3. Application of the Evaporation Model.- 3.1 Inelastic Neutron Scattering at Low Energies.- 3.2 The C12 + C12 Reactions.- 3.3 Evaporation Model with Level Densities.- 3.4 The Range of Recent Applications.- 4. Basis of the Evaporation Model in Reaction Theory.- 5. Conclusions.- Acknowledgments.- Appendix A. Absorption Cross Section of a Complex Square Well.- Appendix B. Effect of Finite Averaging Interval.- References.- 5 Three-Particle Scattering—A Review of Recent Work on the Nonrelativistic Theory.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1 Resumé of Two-Particle Scattering Theory.- 1.2 Difficulties in Three-Particle Scattering Theory.- 2. The Amado Model.- 2.1 Construction of the Model.- 2.2 Nucleon-Deuteron Elastic Scattering.- 2.3 Nucleon-Deuteron Inelastic Scattering.- 3. The Faddeév Equations.- 3.1 Rearrangement Scattering.- 3.2 The Faddeév Equations.- 4. Application of the Faddeév Equations.- 4.1 Hetherington-Schick Analysis of the Multiple-Scattering Series.- 4.2 Lovelace-Phillips’ Calculations of Neutron-Deuteron Scattering.- 4.3 Relativistic Faddeév Equations.- 4.4 Three-Particle Correlation Energy in Nuclear Matter.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- Acknowledgments.- References.- Appendix A.- Appendix B.- Appendix C.- Appendix D.- Appendix E.