Advances in Cryogenic Engineering

ISBN-13: 9781461340416 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 748 str.

K. Timmerhaus

Opis

In late 1877, Louis Cailletete in France and Raoul Pictet in Switzerland independently succeeded in liquefying oxygen, thereby proving a hypothesis set forth by Antoine Lavoisier nearly 100 years earlier. The theme of the 1977 Cryogenic Engineering Conference "Cryogenics: A Century of Progress-A Chal- lenge for the Future" properly commemorated this accomplishment by reviewing some of the noteworthy advances since that time and outlining many advances still to come. Both Volumes 23 and 24 of this series provide a good account of the many contributions that were presented at this conference. The 1977 Cryogenic Engineering Conference was appropriately again held in Boulder, Colorado where the first Cryogenic Engineering Conference was initiated 23 years ago by the late Russell B. Scott, then Chief of the Cryogenic Engineering Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards. The Cryogenic Engineering Conference Board is extremely grateful to members of the National Bureau of Standards and the University of Colorado for serving as hosts for this meeting of cryogenic specialists from all over the world. The Cryogenic Engineering Conference is again pleased to have had the International Cryogenic Materials Conference co-host this biennial meeting for the second time in succession. This joint effort again has permitted an in-depth coverage of research on technical materials in areas currently receiving primary attention by the cryogenic engineering community. The Proceedings of the Inter- national Cryogenic Materials Conference will be published as Volume 24 of the Advances in Cryogenic Engineering.

Spis treści

Superconductivity Applications—MHD Magnets.- A—1 Commercial Realization of MHD—A Challenge for Superconducting Magnets.- A—2 Cryogenic Aspects of the U. S. SCMS Superconducting Dipole Magnet for MHD Research.- A—3 Fabrication Experiences and Operating Characteristics of the U. S. SCMS Superconducting Dipole Magnet for MHD Research.- A—4 Design Study of Superconducting Magnets for a Combustion Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Generator.- A—5 Design of Superconducting Magnets for Full-Scale MHD Generators.- Superconductivity Applications—Energy Storage.- B—1 0.54-MJ Superconducting Magnetic Energy Transfer and Storage.- B—2 A Superconducting 0.54-MJ Pulsed Energy Storage Coil.- B—3 Design and Development of a Large Superconducting Solenoid with Aluminum-Stabilized Superconductors.- B—4 Conductor for LASL 10-MWhr Superconducting Energy Storage Coil.- B—5 Constant-Tension and Constant-Field Solenoids.- B—6 Results from a Model System of Superconducting Solenoids and Phase-Shifting Bridge for Pulsed Power Studies for Proposed Tokamak EF Coils.- B—7 Pulsed DC Losses in Superconducting Solenoids.- B—8 Dielectric Strength of Helium Vapor and Liquid at Temperatures between 1.4 and 4.2 K.- Superconductivity Applications—Rotating Machinery.- C—1 Experimental Simulation of Cryogenic System for a Large Superconducting Rotor.- C—2 Development of a Helium Transfer Coupling for a Superconducting Generator Rotor.- C—3 High-Speed Helium Transfer System—Evaluation and Testing.- C—4 A Bonded-Strain-Gage Pressure Transducer for High-Speed Liquid Helium Temperature Rotors.- C—5 A Method for Calculating Temperatures in Superconducting Rotors Cooled with Two-Phase Helium.- C—6 Temperature Distribution in Rotating Thermosiphons Containing Two-Phase Helium in Nonisentropic Equilibrium.- Superconductivity Applications—Magnet Technology.- D—1 Basic Study of Superconducting Electromagnetic Thrust Device for Propulsion in Seawater.- D—2 Design and Prototype Fabrication of a 30-Tesla Cryogenic Magnet.- D—3 Production Test of Energy Doubler Magnets.- D—4 Cryogenic Aspects of a Demountable Toroidal Field Magnet System for Tokamak-Type Fusion Reactors.- D—5 Recovery Velocities for Composite Superconductors.- D—6 Effect of Conductor Self-Shielding on Eddy Current Losses.- D—7 Effects of Electrical Shorts on Cryostatic Stable Superconducting Magnets.- D—8 High-Current Power Leads for Tokamak Fusion Reactor Superconducting Magnets.- Cooling Superconducting Systems.- E—1 Vapor Locking as a Limitation to the Stability of Composite Conductors Cooled by Boiling Helium.- E—2 Cryogenic Recovery Analysis of Forced-Flow Supercritical-Helium-Cooled Superconductors.- E—3 Nonstationary Heat Transfer and Temperature State of Cryogenic Cable at Short-Circuit Conditions.- E—4 Temperature Profiles in a Long Gaseous-Helium-Cooled Tube.- E—5 Design and Development of Cryostable Superconducting Ohmic Heating Coils for a Tokamak.- Heat Transfer.- F—1 Two-Phase Choked Flow in Tubes with Very Large L/D.- F—2 Cryogenic Fluid Flow Heat Transfer in a Porous Heat Exchanger.- F—3 Boiling Incipience and Convective Boiling of Neon and Nitrogen.- F—4 Effect of Ice Contamination on Liquid Nitrogen Drops in Film Boiling.- F—5 Estimating Surface Temperature in Forced Convection Nucleate Boiling—A Simplified Method.- F—6 Film Boiling of Liquid Nitrogen on a Sphere in an Enclosure.- F—7 Effects of Natural Convection on Heat Transfer in Porous Cryogenic Insulations.- Heat Transfer in Helium.- G—1 Heat Transfer to Helium in the Near-Critical Region.- G—2 Heat Transfer to Subcooled Liquid Helium.- G—3 Kapitza Conductance of Aluminum and Heat Transport from a Flat Surface through a Large-Diameter Tube to Saturated Helium II.- G—4 Oscillations and Hysteresis of Helium during Lambda Transition above the Thermodynamic Critical Pressure in the Presence of Heat Flow.- G—5 Helium II in Low-Temperature and Superconductive Magnet Engineering.- G—6 Measurements of Axial Heat Transport in Helium II with Forced Convection.- Mass Transfer.- H—1 Frost Density Measurements on Vertical Cylinders by Gamma- Ray Attenuation.- H—2 Computational Simulation of Rectifier for an Air Separation Plant Using the Newton-Raphson Technique.- H—3 A New Pump for Liquefied Inert Gases.- H—4 Determination of the Flow Velocity of a Cryogenic Fluid by Use of a Correlation Technique.- Refrigeration and Liquefaction.- J—1 Reliability and Repair Policy Assessment for Long-Duration Operation of Helium Refrigeration Systems.- J—2 The Stirling Cycle Cooler: Approaching One Year of Maintenance-Free Life.- J—3 Helium Refrigeration System for Fermilab Energy Doubler.- J—4 Thermodynamic Optimization of the Helium Multiengine Claude Refrigeration Cycle.- J—5 Cryogenic Refrigeration Concepts Utilizing Adsorption Pumping in Zeolites.- J—6 A Regenerator with an Iron Whisker Matrix.- J—7 Thermodynamic and Mechanical Design of the FNAL Central Helium Liquefier.- J—8 A Conceptual Design of a Helium Liquefaction System for a 300-MVA Superconducting Generator.- Cryogenic Techniques.- K—1 A New Laser Aerosol Detector and Monitor for Use on High-Pressure Gas Streams.- K—2 Helium Storage at High Density and Discharge at High Flow Rates.- K—3 Fast-Response Cryogenic Calorimeter Containing a 52-Kilogram Radiation Absorber.- K—4 Alternate Sets of Fixed Points for Simplified Realizations of IPTS-68.- K—5 Ultra-Low Dynamic Current Measurements with an RF SQUID.- LNG Design.- L—1 Reversible LNG.- L—2 Economic Removal of Nitrogen from LNG.- L—3 Internally Insulated Cryogenic Pipelines.- L—4 Solubility Enhancement of Solid Hydrocarbons in Liquid Methane Due to the Presence of Ethane.- L—5 Predicted Solubilities of Methanol in Compressed Natural Gas at Low Temperatures and High Pressures.- LNG Properties.- M—1 Thermodynamic Properties of Natural Gas, Petroleum Gas, and Related Mixtures: Enthalpy Predictions.- M—2 Prediction of the Transport Properties of Natural Gas and Similar Mixtures.- M—3 A Calculational Method for Obtaining the Density of a Liquefied Natural Gas.- M—4 Density of Liquefied Natural Gas Components.- M—5 VLE Calculations Using Temperature-Dependent k12 Values for Methane-Containing Binary Systems.- M—6 Liquid Mixture Excess Volumes and Total Vapor Pressures Using a Magnetic Suspension Densimeter with Compositions Determined by Chromatographic Analysis: Methane Plus Ethane.- M—7 Vapor Pressures and Heats of Vaporization for Propane and Propene from 50 K to the Normal Boiling Point.- M—8 On the Nonanalytic Equation of State for Propane.- Cryogenic Applications—Space Technology.- N—1 Thermal Analysis of a Helium II-Cooled Infrared Telescope for Spacelab.- N—2 Liquid Helium-Cooled Infrared Telescope for Astronomical and Atmospherical Measurements from Spacelab.- N—3 Operating Performance of He3-Cooled Bolometers.- N—4 Test Flight Results of a Balloon-Borne He3 Cryostat.- N—5 Development of a Burst Disk with a Temperature-Insensitive Vacuum Seal for Space Shuttle Propellant Lines.- Cryogenic Applications—Cryopumping.- O—1 Large-Scale Cryopumping for Controlled Fusion.- O—2 Performance of a Cryopump Cooled by a Small Closed-Cycle 10-K Refrigerator.- Cryogenic Applications—Laser Fusion.- Q—1 A New Method for Producing Cryogenic Laser Fusion Targets.- Q—2 Development of Cryogenic Targets for Laser Fusion.- Q—3 Cryogenic Pellets for Laser-Fusion Research—Theoretical and Practical Considerations.- Q—4 Point-Contact Conduction-Cooling Technique and Apparatus for Cryogenic Laser Fusion Pellets.- Q—5 Cryogenic Handling of Polymeric Laser-Fusion Pellets.- Q—6 Equilibrium Constants for the Hydrogen Isotopic Self-Exchange Reactions in the 4.2- to 50-K Temperature Range.- Cryogenic Applications—Health and Safety.- R—1 Cryogenic Freezing of Foods.- R—2 Safety with Cryogenic Systems.- Indexes.- Author Index.