Advanced Mineralogy: Volume 1 Composition, Structure, and Properties of Mineral Matter: Concepts, Results, and Problems

ISBN-13: 9783642785252 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 551 str.

A. S. Marfunin

Opis

All existing introductory reviews of mineralogy are written accord ing to the same algorithm, sometimes called the "Dana System of Mineralogy." Even modern advanced handbooks, which are cer tainly necessary, include basic data on minerals and are essentially descriptive. When basic information on the chemistry, structure, optical and physical properties, distinguished features and para genesis of 200-400 minerals is presented, then there is practically no further space available to include new ideas and concepts based on recent mineral studies. A possible solution to this dilemma would be to present a book beginning where introductory textbooks end for those already famil iar with the elementary concepts. Such a volume would be tailored to specialists in all fields of science and industry, interested in the most recent results in mineralogy. This approach may be called Advanced Mineralogy. Here, an attempt has been made to survey the current possibilities and aims in mineral matter investigations, including the main characteristics of all the methods, the most important problems and topics of mineral ogy, and related studies. The individual volumes are composed of short, condensed chap ters. Each chapter presents in a complete, albeit condensed, form specific problems, methods, theories, and directions of investigations, and estimates their importance and strategic position in science and industry."

Spis treści

1 The Chemical Nature of Minerals.- 1.1 Chemical Composition of Minerals. Crystallochemical Constraints and the Nature of Impurities.- 1.2 Treatment of Chemical Composition Data for Minerals.- 1.2.1 Structural Formulae.- 1.2.2 Multivariate Statistical Analysis for Processing Chemical Data of Minerals.- 1.3 The Mineral Composition of the Earth’s Crust, Mantle, Meteorites, Moon and Planets.- 2 Crystal Structures of Minerals.- 2.1 General Results of Crystal Structure Analysis of Minerals.- 2.1.1 Stages of Scientific and Technical Development.- 2.1.2 Symmetry Bases. The Contemporary Symmetry Theory in Solids.- 2.1.3 Empirical Relationships in Structural Geometry.- 2.1.4 Systems of Empirical Radii of Atoms and Ions; Orbital and Pseudopotential Radii.- 2.1.5 Representation of Crystal Structures as Packings of Spheres, Coordination Polyhedra, or Nets of Bonds.- 2.1.6 Computer Simulation of Crystal Structures.- 2.1.7 Precision Electron Density Calculations: Relation to Chemical Bonding and to Localization of Impurities in Crystal Structures.- 2.1.8 High-Temperature and High-Pressure Crystal Chemistry.- 2.2 Types of Structural Relations in Minerals.- 2.2.1 Modulated and Incommensurate Structures; Spinodal Unmixing.- 2.2.2 Hybrid Layer Structures, Commensurate and Incommensurate.- 2.2.3 Tunnel-Structure Oxide Minerals.- 2.2.4 Polytypism in Minerals.- 2.2.5 Mixed-Layer Minerals.- 2.2.6 Structural and Magnetic Phase Transitions.- 2.2.7 Poorly Crystallized Minerals.- 2.2.8 The Metamict State.- 2.3 Systematics of Crystal Structures and Crystallochemical Classifications of Minerals.- 2.3.1 Prolegomenon.- 2.3.2 Contemporary Aspects of Classifications.- 2.3.3 Two Approaches Toward Crystallochemical Classification of Minerals and Inorganic Crystals.- 2.3.4 Crystallochemical Classifications of Minerals.- 2.3.5 The Structural Classification of Minerals.- 2.3.6 Counting Theory and Classification of Crystal Structures.- 3 Real Structures of Minerals.- 3.1 Point Defects in Minerals.- 3.2 Direct Imaging of Point Defects by HRTEM.- 3.3 Point Defects and Diffusion in Minerals.- 3.4 Point Defects as Precursors for Electron-Hole Centers: Systematics and Theories of Radiation Centers in Minerals.- 3.5 Structural Types of NonStoichiometry in Minerals.- 3.6 X-Ray Topographic Study of the Real Structure of Minerals.- 3.7 Twinning Due to Phase Transformations and Plastic Deformation.- 4 Natural Glasses.- 4.1 Structure and Properties of Silicate Glasses and Melts; Theories and Experiment.- 4.2 X-Ray Studies of Glass Structure.- 4.3 Terrestrial and Lunar, Volcanic and Impact Glasses, Tektites, and Fulgurites.- 4.4 Nuclear Waste Glasses: Recent Advances in the Spectroscopic Investigation of Their Structure.- 5 Chemical Bonding in Minerals.- 5.1 Survey of Quantum Chemistry and Methods Used to Calculate the Electronic Structures of Minerals.- 5.2 Chemical Bonding in Silicates.- 5.3 Chemical Bonding in Sulfide Minerals.- 5.4 Bonding in Oxides, Oxyanions, and Halides.- 5.5 Electronic Structures of Iron Oxides and Silicates.- 5.6 Hydrogen Bonding in Minerals.- 6 Properties of Minerals.- 6.1 Elastic Properties of Minerals.- 6.2 Hardness of Minerals.- 6.2.1 Hardness, Compressibility, Cohesive Energy.- 6.2.2 Problems of Extra Hard Materials.- 6.3 Deformations in Minerals.- 6.3.1 Mechanisms of Plastic Deformation in Minerals; Role of Dislocations.- 6.3.2 Fracture Mechanics and Fracture Mechanisms in Minerals.- 6.3.3 High Resolution Electron Microscopic Techniques in the Study of Defects.- 6.3.4 Hydrolytic Weakening of Quartz.- 6.3.5 High Temperature Flow in Minerals and Ceramics and Its Bearing on the Creep Behavior of the Earth’s Silicate Mantle.- 6.4 Electrical Properties of Minerals.- 6.4.1 Electrical Conductivity in Iron-Bearing Minerals and Materials.- 6.4.2 Superionic Conductors.- 6.4.3 Electrical Properties of Ore Minerals.- 6.4.4 Dielectric Properties of Minerals and Rocks: Applications to Microwave Remote Sensing.- 6.5 Lattice Dynamics, Vibrational Spectra, Thermodynamic and Heat Properties of Minerals.- 6.5.1 Lattice Dynamics and Force Fields in Crystals.- 6.5.2 Lattice Dynamics and Thermodynamic Properties of Minerals.- 6.5.3 Heat Flow in the Earth’s Crust and Mantle.- 6.6 Magnetic Properties of Minerals.- 6.6.1 Magnetic Minerals.- 6.6.2 Self-Reversal of Natural Remanent Magnetization and Magneto Mineralogical Processes. Magnetic Properties and Geothermometry.- 6.6.3 Paleomagnetism, Magnetic Fields of the Ocean Floor, and Plate Tectonics.- 6.6.4 Aeromagnetic Exploration Mineralogy.- 6.6.5 Magnetic Separation; High Magnetic Fields.- 6.7 Optical Properties of Minerals.- 6.7.1 General Review of Optical Mineralogy and Phenomenological Crystal Optics.- 6.7.2 Theoretical Interpretation of Refraction.- 6.7.3 Reflectance Spectra: Their Interpretation Using Band Theory and Application in Mineral Identification.- 6.7.4 Ellipsometry and Modulation Spectroscopy.- 6.7.5 Nonlinear Optical Characteristics of Minerals.- 6.8 Technological Mineralogy and Technological Properties of Minerals.- 6.9 Mineral Properties in Engineering Geology.- 7 Mineralogical Material Science.- 7.1 Concept of Materials as a New Approach to Solids and Minerals; Natural Minerals, and Their Synthetic Analogs as Materials.- 7.2 An Overview of Materials for Electronics and Optics.- 7.2.1 Piezoelectric Materials.- 7.2.2 Materials for Acoustoelectronics.- 7.2.3 Materials for Optics, Electro-optics and Acousto-optics.- 7.2.4 Laser Materials.- 7.2.5 Cathodochromic Screens and Scintillation Counters.- 7.2.6 Nonlinear Optic Materials.- 7.3 Multifunctional Minerals.- 7.3.1 Diamond: the Mineral-Absolute. Applications in Electronics.- 7.3.2 Quartz Crystals in Devices.- 7.3.3 Corundum-Ruby-Sapphire.- 7.3.4 Natural and Synthetic Zeolites. Applications in Radioactivity, Ecology, Petroleum Chemistry, and Agrotechnology.- Mineral Index.

O autorze

The first out of five planned volumes contains a wealth of recent results on the structures and properties of minerals and mineral matter. All five planned volumes allow a systematic overview of all mineralogical disciplines, important for both science and industry.