Advanced Arithmetic for the Digital Computer: Design of Arithmetic Units

ISBN-13: 9783211838709 / Angielski / Miękka / 2002 / 144 str.

U. W. Kulisch; Ulrich W. Kulisch

Opis

The number one requirement for computer arithmetic has always been speed. It is the main force that drives the technology. With increased speed larger problems can be attempted. To gain speed, advanced processors and pro gramming languages offer, for instance, compound arithmetic operations like matmul and dotproduct. But there is another side to the computational coin - the accuracy and reliability of the computed result. Progress on this side is very important, if not essential. Compound arithmetic operations, for instance, should always deliver a correct result. The user should not be obliged to perform an error analysis every time a compound arithmetic operation, implemented by the hardware manufacturer or in the programming language, is employed. This treatise deals with computer arithmetic in a more general sense than usual. Advanced computer arithmetic extends the accuracy of the elementary floating-point operations, for instance, as defined by the IEEE arithmetic standard, to all operations in the usual product spaces of computation: the complex numbers, the real and complex intervals, and the real and complex vectors and matrices and their interval counterparts. The implementation of advanced computer arithmetic by fast hardware is examined in this book. Arithmetic units for its elementary components are described. It is shown that the requirements for speed and for reliability do not conflict with each other. Advanced computer arithmetic is superior to other arithmetic with respect to accuracy, costs, and speed."

Spis treści

1. Fast and Accurate Vector Operations.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.1.1 Background.- 1.1.2 Historic Remarks.- 1.2 Implementation Principles.- 1.2.1 Solution A: Long Adder and Long Shift.- 1.2.2 Solution B: Short Adder with Local Memory on the Arithmetic Unit.- 1.2.3 Remarks.- 1.2.4 Fast Carry Resolution.- 1.3 High-Performance Scalar Product Units (SPU).- 1.3.1 SPU for Computers with a 32 Bit Data Bus.- 1.3.2 SPU for Computers with a 64 Bit Data Bus.- 1.4 Comments on the Scalar Product Units.- 1.4.1 Rounding.- 1.4.2 How much Local Memory should be Provided on a SPU?.- 1.4.3 A SPU Instruction Set.- 1.4.4 Interaction with High Level Programming Languages ..- 1.5.1 Scalar Product Units for Top-Performance Computers.- 1.5.2 Long Adder for 64 Bit Data Word (Solution A).- 1.5.3 Long Adder for 32 Bit Data Word (Solution A).- 1.5.4 Short Adder with Local Memory on the Arithmetic Unit for 64 Bit Data Word (Solution B).- 1.5.1 Short Adder with Local Memory on the Arithmetic Unit for 32 Bit Data Word (Solution B).- 1.6 Hardware Accumulation Window.- 1.7 Theoretical Foundation of Advanced Computer Arithmetic.- Bibliography and Related Literature.- 2. Rounding Near Zero.- 2.1 The one dimensional case.- 2.2 Rounding in product spaces.- Bibliography and Related Literature.- 3. Interval Arithmetic Revisited.- 3.1 Introduction and Historical Remarks.- 3.2 Interval Arithmetic, a Powerful Calculus to Deal with Inequalities.- 3.3 Interval Arithmetic as Executable Set Operations.- 3.4 Enclosing the Range of Function Values.- 3.5 The Interval Newton Method.- 3.6 Extended Interval Arithmetic.- 3.7 The Extended Interval Newton Method.- 3.8 Differentiation Arithmetic, Enclosures of Derivatives.- 3.9 Interval Arithmetic on the Computer.- 3.10 Hardware Support for Interval Arithmetic.- 3.10.1 Addition A + B and Subtraction A ? B.- 3.10.2 Multiplication A * B.- 3.10.3 Interval Scalar Product Computation.- 3.10.4 Division A / B.- 3.10.5 Instruction Set for Interval Arithmetic.- 3.10.6 Final Remarks.- Bibliography and Related Literature.