Advanced Antenna Array Engineering for 6g and Beyond Wireless Communications

ISBN-13: 9781119712909 / Angielski / Twarda / 2021 / 336 str.

Yingjie Jay Guo; Richard W. Ziolkowski

Spis treści

Author Biographies ixAcknowledgments xi1 A Perspective of Antennas for 5G and 6G 11.1 5G Requirements of Antenna Arrays 11.1.1 Array Characteristics 11.1.2 Frequency Bands 31.1.3 Component Integration and Antennas-in-Package (AiP) 31.2 6G and Its Antenna Requirements 51.3 From Digital to Hybrid Multiple Beamforming 61.3.1 Digital Beamforming 71.3.2 Hybrid Beamforming 81.4 Analog Multiple Beamforming 111.4.1 Butler Matrix 121.4.2 Luneburg Lenses 131.5 Millimeter-Wave Antennas 141.6 THz Antennas 151.7 Lens Antennas 161.8 SIMO and MIMO Multi-Beam Antennas 181.9 In-Band Full Duplex Antennas 191.10 Conclusions 20References 202 Millimeter-Wave Beamforming Networks 232.1 Circuit-Type BFNs: SIW-Based Butler and Nolen Matrixes 232.1.1 Butler Matrix for One-Dimensional Multi-Beam Arrays 232.1.2 Butler Matrix for a 1-D Multi-Beam Array with Low Sidelobes 272.1.3 Butler Matrix for 2-D Multi-Beam Arrays 292.1.4 Nolen Matrix 342.2 Quasi Optical BFNs: Rotman Lens and Reflectors 362.2.1 Rotman Lens 362.2.2 Reflectors 402.2.2.1 Single Reflectors 412.2.2.2 Dual Reflectors 442.3 Conclusions 45References 463 Decoupling Methods for Antenna Arrays 493.1 Electromagnetic Bandgap Structures 493.2 Defected Ground Structures 513.3 Neutralization Lines 543.4 Array-Antenna Decoupling Surfaces 583.5 Metamaterial Structures 623.6 Parasitic Resonators 703.7 Polarization Decoupling 813.8 Conclusions 83References 844 De-scattering Methods for Coexistent Antenna Arrays 894.1 De-scattering vs. Decoupling in Coexistent Antenna Arrays 894.2 Mantle Cloak De-scattering 924.3 Lumped-Choke De-scattering 954.4 Distributed-Choke De-scattering 1134.5 Mitigating the Effect of HB Antennas on LB Antennas 1304.6 Conclusions 132References 1325 Differential-Fed Antenna Arrays 1355.1 Differential Systems 1355.2 Differential-Fed Antenna Elements 1375.2.1 Linearly Polarized Differential Antennas 1385.2.2 Circularly Polarized Differential Antennas 1435.3 Differential-Fed Antenna Arrays 1465.3.1 Balanced Power Dividers 1475.3.2 Differential-Fed Antenna Arrays Employing Balanced Power Dividers 1515.4 Differential-Fed Multi-Beam Antennas 1615.5 Conclusions 165References 1666 Conformal Transmitarrays 1696.1 Conformal Transmitarray Challenges 1696.1.1 Ultrathin Element with High Transmission Efficiency 1696.1.2 Beam Scanning and Multi-Beam Operation 1716.2 Conformal Transmitarrays Employing Triple-Layer Elements 1716.2.1 Element Designs 1716.2.2 Conformal Transmitarray Design 1736.3 Beam Scanning Conformal Transmitarrays 1796.3.1 Scanning Mechanism 1806.3.2 Experimental Results 1826.3.3 Limits of the Beam Scanning Range 1836.4 Conformal Transmitarray Employing Ultrathin Dual-Layer Huygens Elements 1856.4.1 Huygens Surface Theory 1866.4.2 Ultrathin Dual-Layer Huygens Elements 1896.4.3 Conformal Transmitarray Design 1946.5 Elliptically Conformal Multi-Beam Transmitarray with Wide-Angle Scanning Ability 1986.5.1 Multi-Beam Transmitarray Design 2006.5.2 Concept Verification Through Simulation 2046.6 Conclusions 209References 2097 Frequency-Independent Beam Scanning Leaky-Wave Antennas 2137.1 Reconfigurable Fabry-Pérot (FP) LWA 2137.1.1 Analysis of 1-D Fabry-Pérot LWA 2147.1.2 Effect of Cj on the Leaky-Mode Dispersion Curves 2167.1.3 Optimization of the FP Cavity Height 2187.1.4 Antenna Prototype and Measured Results 2197.2 Period-Reconfigurable SIW-Based LWA 2227.2.1 Antenna Configuration and Element Design 2237.2.2 Suppression of Higher-Order Harmonics 2267.2.3 Element Activation States and Scanning Properties 2307.2.4 Results and Discussion 2337.2.4.1 Element Pattern and Antenna Prototype 2337.2.4.2 Radiation Patterns and S-Parameters 2367.3 Reconfigurable Composite Right/Left-Handed LWA 2407.3.1 Parametric Analysis 2427.3.2 Initial Frequency-Scanning CRLH LWA 2457.3.3 Reconfigurable Fixed-Frequency Scanning CRLH LWA 2477.3.3.1 Antenna Configuration 2477.3.3.2 DC Biasing Strategy 2497.3.3.3 Simulation Results 2507.3.3.4 Measured Results 2527.3.3.5 Discussions 2547.4 Two-Dimensional Multi-Beam LWA 2567.4.1 Antenna Design 2577.4.1.1 Horn BFN 2577.4.1.2 Phase-Compensation Method 2587.4.1.3 Phase Shifter Based on Phase Inverter 2597.4.1.4 Fixed-Frequency Beam Scanning Leaky-Wave Antenna 2607.4.2 Performance and Discussion 2647.5 Conclusions 267References 2708 Beam Pattern Synthesis of Analog Arrays 2758.1 Thinned Antenna Arrays 2758.1.1 Modified Iterative FFT 2768.1.2 Examples of Thinned Arrays 2798.2 Arrays with Rotated Elements 2838.2.1 The Pattern of an Element-Rotated Array 2838.2.2 Vectorial Shaped Pattern Synthesis Using Joint Rotation/Phase Optimization 2858.2.3 The Algorithm 2878.2.4 Examples of Pattern Synthesis Based on Element Rotation and Phase 2888.2.4.1 Flat-Top Pattern Synthesis with a Rotated U-Slot Loaded Microstrip Antenna Array 2888.2.4.2 Circular Flat-Top Pattern Synthesis for a Planar Array with Rotated Cavity-Backed Patch Antennas 2908.3 Arrays with Tracking Abilities Employing Sum and Difference Patterns 2948.3.1 Nonuniformly Spaced Dipole-Rotated Linear Array 2958.3.2 PSO-Based Element Rotation and Position Optimization 2978.3.3 Examples 2988.3.3.1 Synthesis of a 56-Element Sparse Linear Dipole Array 2988.3.3.2 Synthesizing Sum and Difference Patterns with Multi-Region SLL and XPL Constraints 3008.4 Synthesis of SIMO Arrays 3018.4.1 Analog Dual-Beam Antenna Arrays with Linear Phase Distribution 3028.4.2 Phase-Only Optimization of Multi-Beam Arrays 3038.4.3 The Algorithm 3068.4.4 Simulation Examples 3068.5 Conclusions 308References 308Index 311

O autorze

Y. Jay Guo, PhD, is the Director of the Global Big Data Technologies Centre and a Distinguished Professor at the University of Technology Sydney, Australia. He has over thirty years of academic, industrial and CSIRO experience. He holds 26 international patents, and is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the Australian Academy of Technology and Engineering (ATSE), and the Institute of Engineering and Technology (IET). He is the author of Ground-Based Wireless Positioning and more than 550 research papers.Richard W. Ziolkowski, PhD, is a Distinguished Professor in the Global Big Data Technologies Centre at the University of Technology Sydney, Australia, and a Professor Emeritus at the University of Arizona, USA. He is a Life Fellow of the IEEE and a Fellow of the Optical Society of America and the American Physical Society. He was the recipient of the 2019 IEEE Electromagnetics Award and was the 2005 President of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society. He was the 2014-2015 US Fulbright Distinguished Chair in Advanced Science and Technology sponsored by the Australian Defence Science and Technology Organization (DSTO). He is the co-editor of Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations.