Accounting for Financial Instruments

ISBN-13: 9780470699805 / Angielski / Twarda / 2009 / 296 str.

Cormac Butler

Opis

This practical book shows how to deal with the complicated area of accounting of financial instruments. Containing a huge number of sophisticated worked examples, the book treats this complex subject in a way that gives clear guidance on the subject. In an introductory, controversial overview of the subject, the book highlights the mistakes that both auditing firms and the accounting standard setters are making, and demonstrates the contribution the International Financial Reporting Standards have made to the current credit crisis.

Spis treści

Preface xi

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Scope of the book 4

1.3 Background 6

1.4 Concerns over the misuse of financial instruments 8

1.5 Complexity 10

1.6 Revenue recognition 11

1.7 Inappropriate reward incentives 11

1.8 Protection for shareholders 15

1.9 Measuring the traders dilemma 16

2 Accounting Foundations 21

2.1 Introduction 21

2.2 IASB improvements 22

2.3 The framework 23

2.4 Fair value or cost 24

2.5 Artificial volatility 26

2.6 Cost model 28

2.7 Cherry–picking 28

2.8 Subjective valuations 29

2.9 Proactive vs. reactive 29

2.10 Goodwill 29

2.11 Market value accounting 30

2.12 IFRS and its contribution to banking crises 31

2.13 IFRS post–Enron 32

2.14 Conclusion 41

3 Corporate Governance 43

3.1 Introduction 43

3.2 Corporate governance 44

3.3 Small vs. large shareholdings 45

3.4 Traders dilemma 46

3.5 Moral hazard 47

3.6 Credit rating agencies I 48

3.7 Shareholder democracy 49

3.8 Structured products 50

3.9 Revenue recognition 53

3.10 Non–consolidation 54

3.11 Credit rating agencies II 57

3.12 Accounting standards and lobbying 59

3.13 Investment entities 60

3.14 Conclusion 61

Appendix: Constant proportion debt obligations 62

4 Hedge Accounting 65

4.1 Introduction 65

4.2 Accounting for forward contracts 66

4.3 Accounting pre–IAS 39 67

4.4 Artificial volatility 68

4.5 Hedge accounting rules 69

4.6 Example: Forward rate agreement 74

4.7 Conclusion 76

5 Illustrative Examples: Hedge Accounting 77

5.1 Introduction 77

5.2 Illustration: Fair value hedge 78

5.3 Credit spreads 83

5.4 Cash flow interest rate swaps 91

5.5 Time value vs. change in interest rates 94

5.6 Long method fair value hedge 97

5.7 Foreign exchange hedge 100

Appendix: Documentation 114

6 Accounting for Structured Products (Market Risk) 117

6.1 Introduction 117

6.2 Risk adjusted return on capital 118

6.3 Bifurcation rules 120

6.4 The reward for risk 121

6.5 Protection for shareholders 121

6.6 Illustration: The structured products problem 122

6.7 The accounting treatment under embedded derivative rules 126

6.8 Past mistakes 127

6.9 Conclusion 128

Appendix 6.1: Overview of embedded derivative rules in international accounting reporting standards 129

Appendix 6.2: Introduction to derivatives 129

7 Accounting for Credit Risk 139

7.1 Introduction 139

7.2 Loan approvals 142

7.3 Credit spreads 144

7.4 Accounting standards 146

7.5 Credit rating agencies 147

7.6 Credit derivatives 148

7.7 Accounting for loans 151

7.8 Changes in the accounting standards 153

7.9 Accounting rules on credit derivatives and financial guarantees 156

7.10 Structured credit products: an extra layer of complexity 156

8 Accounting for Structured Products (Credit Risk) 159

8.1 Introduction 159

8.2 Securitisation overview 160

8.3 Regulatory arbitrage 162

8.4 Prepayment risk synthetic securitisations 162

8.5 Accounting for credit risk 164

8.6 Accountants, regulators and credit agencies 165

8.7 Complexity 168

8.8 Disclosure 169

8.9 Credit Suisse fiasco 169

8.10 Monoline insurance companies 171

8.11 Accounting implications 172

8.12 First to default 173

8.13 SFAS 157 valuations 174

8.14 Conclusion 174

9 Off–Balance Sheet Accounting 177

9.1 Introduction 177

9.2 Off–balance sheet manipulation 178

9.3 Case studies: off–balance sheet 180

9.4 Accounting implications 185

10 Reconciliation 199

10.1 Introduction 199

10.2 Middle office 201

10.3 Initial and variation margin 204

10.4 Example: Illustration of reconciliation 208

10.5 Conclusion 216

11 Moving Towards Mark–to–Market Accounting 217

11.1 Introduction 217

11.2 Liquidity and fair value 217

11.3 Banking vs. trading book 219

11.4 VaR 223

11.5 Basel 2 230

11.6 Accounting for VaR and IFRS 7 235

11.7 Conclusion 241

12 Accounting for Insurance 243

12.1 Introduction 243

12.2 Significance of insurance risk 244

12.3 IFRS vs. embedded value reporting 248

12.4 Finite insurance and unbundling 250

12.5 Other aspects of IFRS 4 252

12.6 Phase two embedded value 253

Appendix: The collapse of AIG 255

13 Conclusion 259

Glossary 265

Index 267

O autorze

Cormac Butler (London, UK & Hong Kong) is currently an active equity and options trader and a former consultant with Lombard Risk Systems London and has also worked with Peat Marwick and Coopers & Lybrand. He has presented the Accounting for Financial Instruments course for Euromoney for 8 years and worked as a consultant on financial instruments for a major accountancy firm. He has also led seminars with major banks including Salomon Brothers, Robert Fleming and Banque Paribas. He has recently conducted in–house courses for Morgan Stanley, PricewaterhouseCoopers (Holland), Investec (South Africa) and ABB (Switzerland). In addition, he has worked for IIR and Euromoney in Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand, America Dubai and Saudi Arabia. Cormac graduated from the University of Limerick, Ireland with a degree in Finance. He is the author of Mastering Value at Risk (Financial Times Pitman).

Blurb

Regulators, credit rating agencies and accountants have come under increased pressure to reveal why they allowed financial institutions to take huge concealed leveraged exposures, creating a price bubble and a subsequent government bail out. Already investors are calling for major changes in the way that financial instruments are regulated and accounted for.

Accounting for Financial Instruments is designed to address the practical difficulties that accountants and auditors face when dealing with complex financial instruments. Accounting rules have been slow to catch up with the advent of complex derivative instruments, while the need for an improved accounting framework in financial institutions is greater than ever in view of the current financial crisis. The author makes use of practical examples (including extracts from accounts) and case studies to give depth to his analysis of various issues in accounting for derivatives, including:

The influence of corporate governance on accounting for financial instruments

The impact of IFRS and IAS accounting standards on the detail and implementation of accounting procedures for financial instruments

The differences in European and American accounting standards in tackling the problems of off–balance sheet accounting

Accounting for credit risk

The role of accounting and auditing in the detection and prevention of fraud

Accounting for insurance

Hedge Accounting

The influence of Basel II

Accounting and Reconciliation

This work s combination of discussion and practical examples makes it a useful reference for accountants dealing with these products. It provides guidance on expected future regulatory changes in accounting for these instruments, and is a valuable exposé of the weaknesses in accounting procedures. It will be of interest to accountants, auditors, compliance officers, and anyone working with derivative products.