Access to the Sea for Developing Land-Locked States

ISBN-13: 9789024750221 / Angielski / Miękka / 1971 / 298 str.

Martin IRA Glassner;Glassner

Opis

This study is an outgrowth of an interest in the question of access to the sea developed by the author during a ten-month sojourn during 1962 and 1963 as American Vice Consul in Antofagasta, Chile. During this period he had the opportunity to visit Peru three times and Bolivia twice. This experience, supplemented by research in many libraries in New York, Washington and California and by interviews, documents and other reference materials, resulted in a detailed study of Bolivia's campaign for an outlet to the sea. 1 The present study has drawn some material from the earlier one, but is such an elaborate expansion of it that it might well be considered a wholly new effort. The effort was made because the problem of access to the sea has become more critical since the Second World War as the emphasis on trade and economic development has grown while at the same time many new land-locked states were being born. There have, moreover, been more threatened and actual interferences with free transit during this period than during the preceding half century and more. A thorough examination of the subject seemed in order, then, as an aid to an understanding of the problems involved and as a guide to future attempts to resolve them. In addition to a general survey of the question, three case studies have been included both as illustrations of many of these problems and as specific situations by which to test proposed solutions.

Spis treści

I. Characteristics of Land-Locked States.- Definitions.- Geographic Characteristics.- Historical Characteristics.- Political Characteristics.- Economic Characteristics.- II. Development of International Law with Respect to Landlocked States.- Developments Through the Nineteenth Century.- The Barcelona Convention and Statute.- Developments After World War II.- The United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea.- The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.- The Convention on Transit Trade of Land-locked States.- III. Afghanistan.- The Geographic Setting.- Historical and Political Background.- The United States, the Soviet Union and the Afghan Economy.- Afghanistan’s Access to the Sea.- Afghanistan, Pakistan and Pushtunistan.- IV. Bolivia.- The Geographic Setting.- Historical and Political Background.- Bolivia’s Developing Economy.- Bolivia’s Access to the Sea.- Bolivia’s Campaign Against Chile.- V. Uganda.- The Geographic Setting.- Historical and Political Background.- The Economy of Uganda and East Africa.- Uganda’s Access to the Sea.- East Africa, Zambia and Rhodesia.- VI. Access to the Sea in the Space Age.- Analyses of Case Studies.- Transportation and Development.- Transit, Access and Outlets.- VII. Solutions to the Question of Access to the Sea.- International Law.- Political or Economic Integration.- Regional Cooperation and Development.- Appendices.- I. Convention and Statute on Freedom of Transit, Barcelona, 20 April 1921.- II. Convention on Transit Trade of Land-Locked States.- III. Afghan-Soviet Transit Convention and Agreement.- IV. Afghanistan-Pakistan Transit Agreement, Annex and Protocol.