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A Theory of Tutelary Relationships
ISBN-13: 9783031205729 / Angielski / Twarda / 2023 / 298 str.
A Theory of Tutelary Relationships
ISBN-13: 9783031205729 / Angielski / Twarda / 2023 / 298 str.
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The purpose of the book is to propose and exploit an analytical, critical, well defined theory of a very crucial human social relation that I call “Tutelarity/ Tutelage”. This will thus explain how/why such relation is so relevant at any layer of sociality: from affective relationships, to social cooperation and interactions, to politics and democracy. The approach is theoretical and strongly grounded on cognitive science and the models of human mind: beliefs, desires, expectations, emotions, etc. Written in an accessible way, it will be of interest for a large audience, specifically to researchers and scientists interested in cognitive science and the dynamics of social relationships alike.
The purpose of the book is to propose and exploit an analytical, critical, well defined theory of a very crucial human social relation that I call “Tutelarity/ Tutelage”. This will thus explain how/why such relation is so relevant at any layer of sociality: from affective relationships, to social cooperation and interactions, to politics and democracy. The approach is theoretical and strongly grounded on cognitive science and the models of human mind: beliefs, desires, expectations, emotions, etc. Written in an accessible way, it will be of interest for a large audience, specifically to researchers and scientists interested in cognitive science and the dynamics of social relationships alike.
SECTION 1 125 pages
In the first part of the book (Section 1) we will make clear the notion of “tutelarity” and some of its challenges. For that goal we have to systematically analyze the foundational cognitive and social notions necessary for a well grounded definition and theory of “tutelarity”: Goals, Powers, Dependence, Interests, Goal-Adoption, Trust.
Tutelary Relations: definition, grounding and misunderstandings
0. Premise and Introduction
0.1 Premise
0.2 Organization
0.3 Subject
0.4 “Paternalism”?
Ch. 1. Tutelary Relations: definition and grounding
1.1 The “gnoseological deficit”
1.2 Goal-Theory and the notion of 'Interests'
1.3 Rationality of Actions contrary to our Interests
1.4 Defining ‘tutelary’
1.5 Tutelary Faces
1.6 Paradoxical and Insincere/Unintended Tutelage1.7 Attitude vs. Role and Action
1.8 Paternalism?
1.8.1 A fundamental, beautiful, unavoidable relation
Ch. 2 Tutelarity as a Forms of Help Based on Dependency
2.1 ‘Goal- Adoption’: the general theory of doing something for the others
2.1.1 Reasons for Goal-Adoption
2.1.2 Goal-Adhesion
2.1.3 Level of Goal-Adoption beyond Delegation
2.1.4 Tutelary Risks already in Goal-Adoption
2.1.5 Interests Adoption
2.1.6 ‘Over’ and ‘Critical’ Help as Tutelary
2.1.7 Y's side in Tutelary influence
2.2 The Other Side of Goal-Adoption: Y’s Dependence
2.2.1 What is ‘Dependence’ and its relation with tutelarity
- From Dependence to Social Power over the other
- Subjective dependence
2.2.2 Autonomy: kinds and degrees
2.2.3 Autonomy and Freedom not “from” but “due to”
- ‘Power’ and ‘freedom’
2.2.4 Dialectic view of Dependence
2.2.5 “Rights” as tutelary protection of ‘interests’
2.3 Goal-Adoption as X’s “Influencing Power”
2.3.1 Functions of “mind-reading”
2.3.2 An Open Issue on Y’s side: Forms of influence and “Free Decision”
- Do I Really Have “choice”?
- Manipulation
Ch. 3 Faces and Minds of Tutelage Relation
3.1 X’s Side and Mind
3.1.1 Tutelarity is not Empathy
3.1.2 X’s reasons for a Tutelary role
3.1.3 Value Foundation of Tutelary relations
3.1.4 Tutor’s motives
3.1.5 Not just motives but functions
3.2 Forms of “Taking care of”
A) Protection from yourselfB) Protection from the others
3.3. A crucial distinction in Tutelary Role
3.4 Y’s Side and Mind
3.4.1 Non fully understood tutelary influence
3.4.2 From ‘external’ to ‘internal’ goals
3.4.3 “The servant knoweth not what his lord doeth”
3.4.4 Our Goals vs. our Functions: which have priority?
- Why are we workers and consumers
3.5 Y’s reasons for subjection and acceptance
3.5.1 Imposed or Spontaneous or Voluntary subjection and compliance
3.5.2 Our need for dependence
3.5.3 Emergent ‘order’
3.6 The needed and specific trust by Y
3.6.1 Advices
3.6.2 Presupposed Y’s Trust even in/for Tutelary Domination
3.6.3 Y’s Trust and Conflict
3.7 Tutelary Conflicts
3.7.1 Intra-Conflict. Multifaceted Interests of Y
3.7.2 Inter-Conflict
3.8 A hierarchical social relation?
3.8.1 Reverse and Reciprocal tutelarity
Ch. 4 The Nature of Power and its Complex Dynamics
4.1. Premise
4.1.1 A Distorted Perception of Power: Power as Domination.
4.1.2 Main issues
4.2 Cognitive and Pragmatic Foundation of Power Construct
4.2.1 A Misliding start point/perspective
4.2.2 A Basic Ontology of Individual Powers
4.2.3 Beyond “Basic” Powers: the Intention and Deliberation Components
4.2.4. From Personal Powers to Social Dependence
4.2.5 Towards Sociality: From Personal Powers to Social Powers
4.2.6 More complex relations
Command Power
Information Power
How Communication is/gives Power
4.3. Power Transfer, Appropriation, Circulation, and Multiplication
4.3.1 Propagation & Accumulation
4.3.2 Co-powers and the multiplication of powers
4.4. The Vicious Circles of Power4.4.1 Poor people is sick, ignorant, inferior, ....
4.4.2 Basic “mechanisms”
4.4.3 The nice dynamics: “empowering” as an open process
4.5. Different faces of social power
4.5.1 Not aggression only
4.5.2 “La servitude volontaire”
4.5.3 “Spontaneous”?
4.5.4 A more dialectic view
4.6 Power “over” us but not necessarily “against” us
4.6.1 Soft Power
4.6.2 ‘Power over’ us is not necessarily against us.
4.6.3 We “should” rebel
4.6.4 Isn't the communication of power dialogic?
4.6.5 Depowering and Empowering
4.7 Empowerment
4.7.1 Powers that in principle cannot be ‘given’
4.7.2 Powers that must be ‘given’
Permission & “Rights”: the power of the weak
Powers that are mutually ‘given’
4.8 Powers that make us lose power. Paradoxical and problematic power dynamics
4.9 Leadership
4.9.1 The peculiar impact of Leadership
4.9.2. Advantages of a Leadership relation
4.9.3 Real Leadership and Hegemony
4.10 "Knowledge" as Power and Institution
4.10.1 Barriers in believing
4.10.2 The Power of Deception (Lie), and the Deceptive Nature of Power
4.11 The Greed for Power
4.11.1 Power can be accumulated and stored 4.11.2 Inequality4.11.3 People empowering the institution (the Leviathan)
4.12 Emergence & Cognition
4.12.1 Power delegation and building as an unaware "function"
4.12.2 "Subjection" & "Alienation"
4.13 Concluding remarks
4.13.1 The “tutelary” power
Ch. 5 Misleading or Ideological Perspectives
5.1. A misleading tradition: “Tutelary” = “Paternalistic”
5.1.1 True “Paternalism” as a manipolatory and selfish pseudo-tutorial attitude
“Manipulation”
Intrinsic Hypocrisy and Deception5.1.2 Ideological background of using “Paternalism”
Individualistc and liberistic ideology
A remark of Alexis Tocqueville
5.1.3 “Against his will”
“Without the consent of Y”
5.1.4 Y’s “A posteriori” Consent?
5.1.5 “Authority” as Paternalism: Ullmann-Margalit
5.1.6 How All State’s Tutelarity Becomes Immoral “Paternalism”5.1.7 In sum
5.2 Sen’s “Capabilities” theory as intrinsically ‘tutelary’, and its limits
5.2.1 Some limits: Powers and Resources Circularity
5.2.2 Liberistic limits to tutelary intervention
Giving “Freedom” is Changing Mind
5.3 “Nudges”: Manipulation and Marketing as Freedom
5.3.1 What are “nudges” and “libertarian paternalism”
5.3.2 “Future” or “ideal” preference of the subject
Nudging and our Cognitive Biases
5.3.3 “Means” vs. “Ends”
5.3.4 The best way for predicting the future is to build it
5.3.5 Criticisms within Behavioral Economics
5.3.6 Against the “libertarian” (liberal) ideology of Nudges
5.3.7 Better explicit recommendations or argumentation and even obligations
5.3.8 Back to the origin: Tutelary “Invisible HandS”
5.3.9 Useful Nudges
5.4 In sum: “Paternalism” is
SECTION 2: Tutelarity Issues in social domains and disciplines - 100 pages
In the second part of the book, we will discuss some of the crucial distinctions (for example with “Paternalism”) and problems of tutelarity; its beauty but also its contradictions and tragedies. We will see the centrality, relevance, and possible dangers of “tutelarity” in specific crucial domains of social life and behavioral sciences: education (pedagogy), psychotherapy and psychiatry, economics, norms, political power and democracy; ....
Ch. 6 Tutelary Nature of Norms and Normative Education
6.1 Tutelary Nature of Prescriptions and Rights
6.2 Deontic Cognition: Norms as Mind Shapers
6.2.1 Architecture of a Norm-sensitive Agent
6.2.2 Norm-acceptance
6.2.3 ‘Normative’ Adoption/Adhesion
6.3. Towards a ‘Normed’ Mind
6.3.1 From ‘ascribed’ to ‘prescribed’ minds
6.3.2 Meta-Ns about Reasons for the Adoption of N Goal
6.3.3 A Paradoxical Function of Norms: Disobedience
6.3.4 Obligation vs. Duty
6.3.5 From Instrumental Goals to Final Goals: from Threats to ‘Values’
- Two different normative minds
6.3.6 The “alienated” nature of norm adoption
6.3.7 In sum
6.3.8 The affective grounding of Norm and deontic conform behaviors
6.4 “Right” as a Tutelary relation (and as “capability”)
6.4.1 The psychology of “rights”
6.5 Homage to Simon Weil: The intrinsic tutelary nature of “duties”
6.6 Norms imposing to you (to care of) your own good6.7 Education as internalized discipline
6.8 Tutors of ourselves
6.8.1 Self- tutelary attitude: “Me”, the puppet of myself
6.8.2 The Tutelary and Paternalistic nature of SuperEgo
6.8.3 Self-tutelarity Function or Intention?
6.9. The Emancipation and Autonomization Process
6.9.1. The normative autonomization process
- Deontic Internalization
- Learning as autonomization
6.9.2. Re-habilitation (recovery) as autonomization
6.9.3. A complex dialectics
6.9.4. A more extreme and radical “Autonomization”: Rebellion
- Empowerment is not just “giving powers”
6.9.5 Not conclusive considerations
Ch. 7 Possible Dangers and Ambivalence of Tutelarity and Assistance
7.1 A very problematic (non-renounceable) relation
7.1.1 Problems
- X’s Bona fide
- Y’s Mala fide
7.1.2 Manipulation
7.1.3 Tutelary Conflicts
- Tutelary need for conflicts
7.1.4 Additional dangers
- Prescribed Future Goals
- Not real “Listening” to Y
7.1.5 Risks due to Power dynamics
- Tutelary Acts as Power Demonstration
7.1.6 Tutelarity preserving and betraying itself
7.2. Ambivalence in Assistance: Welfarism, Rehabilitation, Psychotherapy and Emancipation process
7.2.1. A Contradiction to be managed, not to be denied7.2.2. Emancipatory tutelage vs. Chronic/Stabilizing/Assistive Tutelage
7.2.3 Emancipatory and empowering Tutelage
7.2.4. Welfarism
- Economic False Tutelarity
7.2.5 Psychiatric and Rehabilitation Relationships and Tutelarity
- Mental Health Care
- The need for “masochism” of psychiatric institutions
- De-institutionalization
- Potential "psycho-therapeutic" character of “assistance” interventions
7.2.6 The fear of tutelarity responsibility
- Just “maieutic”
- Psychotherapy and its Therapeutic “alliance”
7.3 Tutelary Tragedies
7.3.1 A noxious love: Vincent van Gogh suicide
7.3.2 “Trust us: it is for the good of indigenous childrens
7.4 But not in politics
Ch. 8 Tutelarity and Trust Problems in Democracy
8. 0. A unpleasant premise: No shared understanding and mind
8.1 Power Delegation and the Intrinsic Limits of Democracy
8.1.1 Possible power ‘alienation’ in delegation
8.2 Constitutive Tutelarity and its Nature
8.2.1 Tutelage is an ‘attitude’ not a person
8.2.2 Multi-tutelarity and meta-tutelarity of politics
8.2.3 Citizens as tutors of the “city”
8.2.4 Guardian of “Common Good”?
8. 3 No conflicts no democracy
8.4. Citizen’s ‘ignorance’
8.4.1 Delegation for and Cognitive Transition to “Deliberation”
8.4.2 Overcoming People’s Ignorance
8.4.3 The social production of ignorance and the crisis of democracy
8.4.4 The tutelary relationship in politics is not towards the "vulgars"
8.5 Representation as “advocacy”
8.5.1 Our emphases
8.6 Does tutelarity mean elites and aristocracies?
8.6.1 Who Knows What
8.6.2 In defense (and offence) of aristocracies
8.6.3. Self-deprecating or Suicidal Aristocracies
8.7 “Representation” as construction of a social subject and reduction of delegation8.7.1 The tutelary relation with the proletariat
8.8. Trust for Democracy
8.8.1 ‘Ignorant trust’
- Secrets for Democracy
- Trust or Faith?
- Ignorant Trust for Open Delegation
8.8.2 Trust Crisis in Democracy: Additional bases of mistrust8.8.3 Democracy under surveillance?
8.9. The theater of Democracy: its double staging
8.9.1 Democracy letdown.
Not just a matter of value relativism and false representativity
8.9.2 “Representation” is a “crass pretense”
8.9.3 Second “crass pretense”: Hidden powers
8.9.4 Hidden Powers and Functions: Hayekian fallacies
8.9.5 “Dominant powers”
8.9.6 The Hidden Goals of the “Invisible” Hand
8.9.7 To be or to feel free?
8.10. Vox Populi: "People is always right" and the dictatorship of the majority
8.10.1 Creating Vox populi
8.10.2. Self-monitoring of Political Power
Against Paternalism and Self-referentiality
8.11. Making Democracy True
8.11.1 The not formal emancipation and real empowering of “people”
8.12 Is the State intervention intrinsically “paternalistic”?
8.13 The ICT and On-Line Future of Democracy:
Dangerous Ideologies and Good Potentialities
8.13.1 Demystifying the Ideology of the NET: “We” against “them”
8.13.2 Building a “critical thinking”
- WEB as the Truth
8.13.3 Demystifying the Ideology of the NET: No more delegation
8.13.4 No Delegation or Unaware Delegation?
8.13.5 Demystifying the Ideology of the NET: no mediation, no hierarchy
8.13.6 “Direct” vs “Participatory” Democracy
8.13.7 ICT potentialities: Anti-manipulation Technologies
8.13.8 ICT potentialities: A Glass of the Invisible
- Presences
- Make Visible the “invisible hand”
8.13.9 Back to tutelary
8.13.10 Another tutelary hazard: The algorithmic deresponsabilization
8.14 From surveillance capitalism to surveillance eGovernment
8.15 Short concluding remarks
Dr. Castelfranchi is a full professor of "Cognitive Sciences" (General Psychology) at the University of Siena, Department of Communication Science since 2001, in addition to being the Director of the Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies of the National Research Council (ISTC-CNR) in Rome from 2002-2011.
The purpose of the book is to propose and exploit an analytical, critical, well defined theory of a very crucial human social relation that I call “Tutelarity/ Tutelage”. This will thus explain how/why such relation is so relevant at any layer of sociality: from affective relationships, to social cooperation and interactions, to politics and democracy. The approach is theoretical and strongly grounded on cognitive science and the models of human mind: beliefs, desires, expectations, emotions, etc. Written in an accessible way, it will be of interest for a large audience, specifically to researchers and scientists interested in cognitive science and the dynamics of social relationships alike.
- Uses concrete examples to show how precious social relations can be
- helps the reader understand the underlying mechanisms to various concepts as participation, and of populism distortion.
- Cross-disciplinarily approach relevant to many professions
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