A Roadmap for Plant Genome Editing

ISBN-13: 9783031461491 / Angielski

Agn?s Ricroch; Dennis Eriksson; Dragana Miladinovic

Spis treści

Table of Contents

 

A roadmap for plant genome editing.

A perspective from Europe and beyond.

 

3 July 2023

 

 

Editors: Agnès Ricroch^1*, Dennis Eriksson², Dragana Miladinović³, Jeremy Sweet⁴, Katrijn Van Laere⁵, and Ewa Wozniak-Gientka⁶

*agnes.ricroch@universite-paris-saclay.fr

¹Université Paris-Saclay. Faculté Jean-Monnet. Laboratoire Idest. Sceaux. France

²Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden

³Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Novi Sad, Serbia

⁴ Sweet Environmental Consultants, Cambridge, UK

⁵Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Melle, Belgium

⁶ Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland

 

Publisher: Springer Nature

 

 

Section 0- Editorial

Agnès Ricroch^1*, Dennis Eriksson², Dragana Miladinović³, Jeremy Sweet⁴, Katrijn Van Laere⁵, and Ewa Wozniak-Gientka⁶

*agnes.ricroch@universite-paris-saclay.fr

¹Université Paris-Saclay. Faculté Jean-Monnet. Laboratoire Idest. Sceaux. France

²Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden

³Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Novi Sad, Serbia

⁴                   Sweet Environmental Consultants, Cambridge, UK

⁵Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Melle, Belgium

⁶Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland

 

 

 

Section 1-  Plant breeding and Technological Advances

 

Chapter 1 Genome editing of gene families for crop improvement

Utku Avci utkuavci@gmail.com

and Hülya Sipahi

Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Biotechnology Department, 26160 Eskisehir, Türkiye

 

Chapter 2 Base editing and Prime editing

Hilal Betül Kaya hbkaya@gmail.com hilalbetul.kaya@cbu.edu.tr

Department of Bioengineering, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Türkiye

 

Chapter 3 Novel delivery methods for CRISPR-based plant genome editing + Figure

Barbara Doyle Prestwich

School of Biological Earth and Environmental Science, University College Cork, Ireland

Teodoro Cardi

CNR-IBBR. Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources. via Università 133. 80055 Portici. ITALY

Allah Bakhsh

Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

Alessandro Nicolia

Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Via dei Cavalleggeri, 25. 84098 Pontecagnano (SA) – Italy

and Kaushal K. Bhati corresponding kaushalkbhati@gmail.com Fkaushal.bhati@uclouvin.be Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science, University of Louvain, Louvain la Neuve, Belgium

 

Chapter 4 Balancing trait improvement with tradeoff side-effects using genome editing technology

Julia Wind julia.wind@keygene.com

Keygene N.V., P.O. Box 216. 6700 AE Wageningen. The Netherlands

 

Chapter 5 CRISPR/Cas mutation screening: from mutant allele detection to prediction of protein coding potential + 3 figures

Elke Vereecke^1,2* corresponding  elke.vereecke@ilvo.vlaanderen.be

and Katrijn Van Laere ³, Tom Ruttink ³

¹Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Belgium

²VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, BE

³Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, BE

 

Chapter 6 Methods and techniques to select efficient and specific guides for CRISPR-mediated genome editing in plants

Fabio D'Orso¹* corresponding: fabio.dorso@crea.gov.it

and Valentina Forte¹, Simona Baima¹, Marco Possenti¹, Daniela Palma¹, Giorgio Morelli¹

¹CREA - Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Rome, Italy

Section 2- Applications of Genome Editing

 

Chapter 7 Genome editing of a macroalgae with possible global impacts

Hilde-Gunn Opsahl-Sorteberg*, corresponding hilde-gunn.sorteberg@nmbu.no

and Espen Evju

Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Biosciences, Ås, Norway

 

Chapter 8 A Short Review of Advances in Plant-Based Antigen Production Strategies and the Production of Viral Vaccine Antigens Derived from CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Edited Nicotiana benthamiana Plants for Enhanced Vaccine Efficacy

Espen Evju* corresponding espen.evju@nmbu.no

and Hilde-Gunn Opsahl-Sorteberg

Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Biosciences, Ås, Norway

 

Chapter 9 Precise gene editing of cereals using CRISPR/Cas technology + Figure

Pouneh Pouramini

and Goetz Hensel corresponding goetz.hensel@hhu.de

Heinrich-Heine-University, Germany

 

Chapter 10 Implementing genome editing in barley breeding

Liina Jakobson^1*, Corresponding  liina.jakobson@metk.agri.ee

Plant Biotechnology Department, Centre of Estonian Rural Research and Knowledge, M. Pilli haru 1, Jõgeva, Estonia,

Signem Oney Birol², Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkiye

and Ljudmilla Timofejeva³ Plant Biotechnology Department, Centre of Estonian Rural Research and Knowledge, M. Pilli haru 1, Jõgeva, Estonia

 

Chapter 11 Current status and future prospective of genome editing application in maize

Serena Varotto serena.varotto@unipd.it

Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animal and Environment DAFNAE. University of Padova - Agripolis Viale dell’Università, 16. 35020 Legnaro (PD) Italy

 

Chapter 12 Using gene editing strategies for wheat improvement + diagram

Domenica Nigro¹

University of Bari Aldo Moro, Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy.

Mark Smedley ²

John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UH, UK

Francesco Camerlango ³

Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Viale Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy

and Sadiye Hayta ^2* corresponding Sadiye.hayta@jic.ac.uk

 

Chapter 13 Gene Editing of Wheat to Reduce Coeliac Disease Epitopes in Gluten

MJM Rene Smulders* corresponding: rene.smulders@wur.nl

LJWJ Gilissen, M Juranić, JG Schaart, and CCM van de Wiel

Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands

 

Chapter 14   Genome Editing in Horticultural Plants: Present Applications and Future Perspective

Nasser Mahna¹* and Shahnoush Nayeri²

^{1 *}Corresponding mahna@tabrizu.ac.ir

Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz-51666, Iran.

² Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.

 

Chapter 15 Application of CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing techniques in leguminous crops

Debajit Das

and Sumita Acharjee* Corresponding sumita.aus@gmail.com

Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam 785013, India

 

Chapter 16 Genetic improvement in leguminous crops through genome editing

Aida Dervishi¹, Rabia Riaz², Muhammad Waqas Choudhry², and Allah Bakhsh^2* 1 Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Albania ² National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan * Corresponding author: allahbaksh@cemb.edu.pk   Chapter 17 Soybean improvement and the role of gene editing Nihal Oztolan Erol nihal.oztolan@sabanciuniv.edu Üniversite Cd. No:27 Orta Mh. 34956 Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey   Chapter 18 Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) CRISPR/Cas-based precision breeding – recent improvements Justyna Boniecka jboniecka@umk.pl

Katedra Genetyki, Wydział Nauk Biologicznych i Weterynaryjnych, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika, ul. Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland Center for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100, Toruń, Poland

Chapter 19 Targeted gene editing in pome fruit genetics and breeding: state-of-the-art, application potential and perspectives

Hanne Claessen¹, Pollien Aert¹ and Nico De Storme^1,2*

¹Laboratory for Plant genetics and Crop Improvement (PGCI), Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium

²Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium

*Corresponding nico.destorme@kuleuven.be

 

Chapter 20 Genome editing in forest trees

Tobias Bruegmann*, Alexander Fendel**, Virginia Zahn**, Matthias Fladung

* Corresponding: tobias.bruegmann@thuenen.de

Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, D-22927 Grosshansdorf, Germany;

**) equal contribution.

 

Chapter 21 Genome editing for reduction of bitterness and for production of medicinal terpenes in Cichorium species + 1 Fig

Katarina Cankar^1*, Corresponding katarina.cankar@wur.nl

Katrijn Van Laere², and Dirk Bosch¹

¹Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen Plant Research, NL

²Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), BE

 

Chapter 22 Engineering phytonutrient content of tomato by genome editing technologies

Aurelia Scarano  

and corresponding: Angelo Santino angelo.santino@ispa.cnr.it

Institute of Science of Food Production, C.N.R., Unit of Lecce, via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce. Italy

 

Chapter 23 Breeding for yield quality parameters and abiotic stress in tomato using genome editing

Pedro García-Caparrós pedrogar123@hotmail.com

Agronomy Department of Superior School Engineering. University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain

 

Chapter 24 Genome Editing-Based Strategies Used to Enhance Crop Resistance to Parasitic Weeds

Kubilay Yıldırım^1* Corresponding: kubilay.yildirim@omu.edu.tr

Musa Kavas², Melekşen Akın³, and İlkay Sevgen Küçük¹

1 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Türkiye

2 Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Türkiye

³Department of Horticulture, Iğdır University, Igdır, Türkiye

 

 

 

 

Section 3- Policies and Regulations

 

Chapter 25 Genome editing in biotech regulations worldwide + 1 Fig

Thorben Sprink

and Ralf Wilhelm* ralf.wilhelm@julius-kuehn.de

Julius Kühn-Institut. Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology. Erwin-Baur-Straße 27, D-06484 Quedlinburg. Germany

 

Chapter 26 Interpreting Precision Breeding: Key legal concepts under international law and current domestic regulatory approaches in the Global South

André Rosado ayrtonandre.rosadohuaynasi@student.kuleuven.be

Faculty of Science, KU Leuven. Leuven, Belgium.

Centro de Investigaciones de Zonas Aridas, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Lima, Peru

 

Chapter 27 CRISPR Processes Patents in Green Biotechnology:  Collaborative Licensing Models

      Agnès Ricroch agnes.ricroch@universite-paris-saclay.fr

Université Paris-Saclay. Faculté Jean-Monnet. Laboratoire Idest. Sceaux. France

 

 

 

 

Section 4- Public and stakeholder perceptions

 

Chapter 28 The view of the European seed sector on genome editing tools in plant breeding + 3 Fig

    Petra Jorasch* Corresponding: PetraJorasch@euroseeds.eu

    and Nick Vangheluwe

    EuroSeeds, Avenue des Arts 52, Brussels. Belgium

     

Chapter 29 The awareness of the Polish society on new genomic techniques

Wiktoria Mołodziejko^,1 Justyna Nowakowska², and Anna Linkiewicz^2,*

*corresponding a.linkiewicz@uksw.edu.pl

¹ Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Wóycickiego 1/3, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland

² Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Wóycickiego 1/3, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland

 

Chapter 30 Improving Science Communication about Genome Editing – Mitigating Strong Moral Convictions through Shared Moral Goals

Gabi Waldhof waldhof.gabriela@gmail.com

Faculty of Business, Economics and Social Sciences, Department of Socioeconomics, Germany

 

Chapter 31 The citizens’ awareness and concerns during the transition from Genetically Modified to Genome Edited plants in Europe about their use in agriculture and food production

Mihael-Cristin Ichim cichim@hotmail.com

“Stejarul” Research Centre for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Piatra Neamt, Romania

 

Chapter 32 What is the problem with Europe in a philosophical point of view?

Marcel Kuntz mrk683830@gmail.com

Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, Grenoble, France

 

Chapter 33 NGT plant products in the EU. The postulates, the outlooks, and possible consequences of a regulatory system reform in the context of legislative reforms in third countries and detection requirements

Tomasz Zimny  tzimny@inp.pan.pl

Institute of Law Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences Department of Polish and European Industrial Property Law. Nowy Swiat St. 72. 00-330 Warsaw. Poland

 

 

 

Section 5- Future outlook

Agnès Ricroch^1*, Dennis Eriksson², Dragana Miladinović³, Jeremy Sweet⁴, Katrijn Van Laere⁵, and Ewa Wozniak-Gientka⁶

*agnes.ricroch@universite-paris-saclay.fr

¹Université Paris-Saclay. Faculté Jean-Monnet. Laboratoire Idest. Sceaux. France

²Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden

³Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Novi Sad, Serbia

⁴ Sweet Environmental Consultants, Cambridge, UK

⁵Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Melle, Belgium

⁶ Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland

O autorze

​Dr Agnès RICROCH has a PhD in genetics and plant breeding and obtained an HDR (ability

to conduct researches) from Paris-Saclay University (Orsay, France) in genetic resources and plant breeding.

She was a visiting researcher at Texas Tech University and Duke University (USA) and at the John Innes

Institute (UK). She is a senior lecturer at AgroParisTech (Paris, France) and Adjunct Professor at

Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences (USA), she teaches biotechnology and

bioethics since 2016. She was a visiting professor at the University of Melbourne (Australia) in 2015. She is a

researcher in IDEST laboratory at Paris-Saclay University, Faculty Jean-Monnet, Sceaux (France), where her

research focuses on benefits-risk assessment and regulation of green biotechnology (GMO, New Genomic

Techniques). Member elected in 2015 of the Academy of Agriculture of France, she is the head of the Life

Sciences section since 2016. She was the chair of the working group "New biotechnologies for agriculture and

food" (2016-2019). She was pointed as member of the French Scientific Group of Interest of green

biotechnologies (2015-2019). She is a member of the management committee of the European “Cost PlantEd”

scientific program (2019-2023). She was named to the International Directory of 23 women in biotechnology

(Woman in Biotechnology Law and Regulation) in 2015. She published both in French and English six books,

twenty-six chapters and more than ninety scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals and scientific journals

and participated in one hundred and sixty scientific conferences on biotechnology. She published scientific

articles in Nature Biotechnology. She was notably invited as keynote speaker at OECD on applications of

genome editing in agriculture (2018). She gives numerous interviews to national and international newspapers,

radio and television. Member of the Society of Writers of France (Société Des Gens de Lettres) as a writer.

Member of the Ethics Committee of Order of Veterinarians of France. She was awarded the Limagrain

Foundation Prize of the Academy of Agriculture of France in 2012. She is a Knight of the National Order of the

Legion of Honour of France in 2019.

Dennis Eriksson has a PhD in Genetics and Plant Breeding and is Associate Professor at the Swedish

University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) as well as Professor of plant functional genetics at the Inland Norway

University of Applied Sciences (INN). He is currently developing gene editing in potato for virus resistance, and

in sweetpotato to adapt the crop for cultivation in Scandinavia. He has worked interdisciplinary for about five

years (2017-2021) with the regulatory frameworks for plant biotechnology and genetic resources, including

biosafety, access and benefit-sharing (ABS) and plant variety rights (PVR). He is the Chair of the COST Action

PlantEd (CA18111, 2019-2023) and Coordinator of the Horizon Europe-funded project GeneBEcon (2022-

2025).

Dr Dragana Miladinović graduated in 1993 from the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad,

Department of Field and Vegetable Crops, where she received her master's degree in 1997 in the field of

Genetics and Plant Breeding. She defended her doctoral dissertation in 1999 at the Faculty of Biology,

University of Belgrade, in the field of Plant Physiology. During the preparation of her doctoral dissertation at

INP ENSAT, Toulouse, France, in 1998, she acquired the title of Graduated University Researcher (DRU) in

the field of Molecular and Cell Biology. She has been employed at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops

since 1996. She became a research associate in 2000, a senior research associate in 2004, and a principal

research fellow in 2007. She completed postdoctoral training in plant biotechnology at Cornell University, USA

in 2004. Dragana Miladinović is a member of Expert Biosafety Committee, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and

Water Management, R. Serbia since 2001 and vice chair since 2007. She is the representative of Serbia in the

European Association for Research in Breeding EUCARPIA, as well as a member of the Society of Geneticists

of Serbia, where he is a member of the presidency. She is a member of the editorial board of the journal

Genetika and an associate editor of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science. The field of research that Dr.

Dragana Miladinović is the biotechnology of oil crops, with an emphasis on the development and application of

molecular biology methods in the creation of genotypes resistant to biotic and abiotic stress. She is also a

head of Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Breeding of Climate-Resilient Crops – Climate Crops of

Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops. She has participated in many national and international projects. She is

a leader of Horizon Europe Twinning project CROPINNO (101059784) and the project funded by the IAEA

Enhancing Productivity and Resilience to Climate Change of Major Food Crops in Europe and Central Asia

(RER5024). She is the author and co-author of 3 books, 9 chapters in monographic publications, 46 papers

published in journals from the SCI list, as well as one patent, 21 technical solutions and 99 sunflower hybrids

and one variety of oilseed rape.

Jeremy Sweet has spent the last 40 years conducting research on Crop improvement and plant diseases.

Much of this work was conducted at NIAB Cambridge studying sustainable crop production, integrated disease

management, environmental and agronomic impacts of GM crops, and gene flow to crops and wild relatives.

He was coordinator of the UK BRIGHT project which studied herbicide tolerance, and he was also coordinator

of the European Science Foundation programme “Assessing the Impact of GMOs” that brought together all the

major research groups in this area in Europe. He was a coordinator of the EU SIGMEA project analysing data

on gene flow and gene impacts and was a participant in the EU CO-EXTRA programme and the BBSRC Gene

flow project. He was a member of the EFSA GMO Panel for 12 years until 2018, providing scientific opinions

on the risks associated with GMO applications in the EU. He has served as chairman of the Environmental,

Post Market Environmental Monitoring and GM Fish Working Groups of the EFSA GMO Panel. He was a

member of the GM Insects working group and has developed a number of the EFSA Guidance Documents on

ERA and risk management. He was a member of the BBSRC/Phyconet Management Board and participated

in the ALGEBRA project on GM algae and in an EFSA study of RNAi GM plants. He is an author in over 50

scientific papers on GMOs, numerous plant pathology papers and editor of 2 books.

He developed his own consultancy in 2004 and is director of Sweet Environmental Consultants which provides

research and advice on GMOs and Plant Health to the European Commission, European governments,

FAO/UNIDO/UNEP and scientific organisations and academies of several countries. He has provided training

and other advisory services in European, Asian and S American countries.

He is a member of the PlantEd COST action on gene editing of plants.

Katrijn Van Laere obtained a Master degree in Bioscience Engineering at Ghent University, Belgium (2002)

and conducted a PhD at the Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO; 2008) on

breeding opportunities for woody plants. After her PhD, she became a postdoctoral researcher at ILVO, where

she currently work as senior scientist. She has more than 15 years of experience in breeding research,

supporting plant breeding programs (woody plants, ornamentals, red clover, grasses, chicory) with molecular

and cytogenetic/microscopic techniques, and advanced (in vitro breeding) techniques. She is one of the

leading members of the CRISPR/Cas genome editing team at ILVO, occupied with the implementation of

CRISPR/Cas technologies for several crops (e.g. chicory, potato) and traits. She is the vice-chair of working

Group 1 (technical platforms) of the COST Action PlantEd (CA18111, 2019-2023) and partner in the Horizon

Europe-funded project GeneBEcon (2022-2025). She have (co-)authored 33 peer reviewed papers, 6 book

chapters and conference proceedings

Ewa Woźniak-Gientka has a Ph.D. in earth sciences (2019). Her Ph.D. thesis was related to bioeconomy development. She works as an assistant professor at the Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences (IBCH PAS). She has been the head of the Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development Team at IBCH PAS in Poznan since 2021. She conducts interdisciplinary research at the intersection between biology, biotechnology and bioeconomy. Her research covers the economic and social aspects, as well as public opinion on bioeconomy and biotechnology in Poland, the European Union and worldwide. The aim of her research is also to conduct activities aimed at increasing awareness and knowledge of Europeans about the bioeconomy. She is interested in the circular economy, biotechnology, agribiotechnology, economic and social aspects of the development of bioeconomy, public perception of bioeconomy, and popularisation of science.She was involved in two international projects. In 2017-2020, she was a contractor in the international project entitled ‘Innovative processing technology of rapeseed products for poultry nutrition’ (ProRapeSeed; ERANET- CORNET #22/87/2017). She implemented the tasks in WP3 ‘Commercial potential of new products in a competitive market’. Since 2019, she has been a member of the PlantEd COST action (CA18111, 2019-2023), a vice leader of WG4, and a Management Committee Substitute in this project. Since 2015, she has been the author and co-author of sixteen publications.

Blurb

This open access book is an update of genome editing techniques applied to a range of plants. We discuss the latest techniques and applications to cereals, roots and tubers, oilseed crops, fruit and forest trees, vegetables, legumes and algae including resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, improved quality, drug production, yield and adaptation to climate change.  The regulations in different countries worldwide, the patentibility and the perception by society of the applications of new genomic techniques are examined. This book is written by a multidisciplinary and multisectoral collective of high-profile scientists and other experts belonging to the COST Action network PlantEd, which is mainly European but with contributions from American, Australian, Canadian, Chinese, Indian, Iranian, Pakistani and Peruvian scientists. The book is aimed at a wide audience consisting of students, academics, private and public breeders, other actors in the food and bioeconomy value chains and policy and law makers.