A Manual of Morphometry in Diagnostic Pathology

ISBN-13: 9783642748257 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 208 str.

J. P. Baak; J. A. Oort

Opis

J. Oort and J. P. A. Baak This manual is written by pathologists and is meant for pathologists. It deals with a subject that became especially popular in pathology at the end of the last decade: morphometry. Morphometry is defined as the quantitative description of a structure (Weibel, 1969). This structure may be both of macroscopic and micro- scopic size. Strictly, the size of an organ is a morphometric feature. This type of morphometry has long been in use in pathology. Examples ofthis type in diagnostic pathology have been given by Roesle and Roulet (1932). In this manual, however, the term morphometry is used in its re- stricted microscopic meaning, i.e., the quantitative description of micro- scopic images and features. The quantitative analysis of microscopic pic- tures has for a long time been subordinated to the qualitative description. This may partly have been caused by the preference of the human mirld for pattern recognition rather than quantitative appraisal, which leads to judgements based on impressions subconsciously tested against the ob- server's (mental) image of the normal pattern. Another cause may have been the time-consuming difficulties of collecting and computing quanti- tative information. During the past decades the usefulness of quantitative methods in histo- and cytopathology has been stressed for many different subjects. In addition, minicomputers have become widely available and are becoming increasingly inexpensive; the more so since the introduction of micro com- puters.

Spis treści

I: Theoretical Background.- 1 The Case for Morphometry in Diagnostic Pathology.- References.- 2 Diagnosis Making: Error Sources.- 2.1 The Problem.- 2.2 The Diagnosis Making Process.- 2.3 Morphological Facts.- 2.4 Stages in the Analytical Diagnostic Process.- 2.5 Error Sources in Diagnosis Making.- 2.6 Psychological Consequences.- 2.7 Summary.- References.- 3 Obtaining Quantitative Data.- 3.1 Quantitative Microscopy.- 3.2 Measurements in Tissue Sections: the Problem of Dimension Reduction.- 3.3 What is Stereology?.- 3.4 The Scope of Stereology and Planimetry.- 3.5 Counting of Elements - Mitotic Counts.- 3.6 The Historical Lines.- 3.7 Stereology and Morphometry.- 3.8 Scanning (Cyto)photometry.- 3.9 Flow Cyto(photo)metry.- 3.10 Digital Image (Picture) Processing.- References.- 4 Classification of New Cases: Some Aspects of Single and Multivariate Analysis.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The Problem of Overlap.- 4.3 Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve.- 4.4 Decision Rules.- 4.5 Decision Trees.- 4.6 Multivariate Analysis.- 4.7 Number of Features and Objects Used in the Analysis.- 4.8 Numerical Classification Probabilities.- 4.9 Non-linear Discriminant Analysis.- 4.10 Objectives of Decision Rules.- 4.11 Summary.- References.- 5 Structural Morphology.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 The Structural Model.- References.- II: Applications of Morphometry in Diagnostic Pathology.- 6 Applications of Morphometry in Tumour Pathology.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Endometrium: Hyperplasia or Carcinoma.- References.- 6.3 Myometrium: Leiomyoma or Leiomyosarcoma.- References.- 6.4 Ovary: Borderline or Malignant Tumour.- References.- 6.5 Cervix: Squamous Cell Changes in Condyloma Acumination and Dysplasia.- References.- 6.6 Cervix: Adenocarcinoma in Situ.- References.- 6.7 Mesothelial Cells: Morphometric Distinction Between Benign and Malignant in Pleural Fluid.- References.- 6.8 Pleural Lesion: Histological Distinction Between Malignant Mesothelioma, Benign Lesion and Carcinoma Metastases by Morphometry.- References.- 6.9 Nasal Mucosa: Morphometry of Metaplastic, Dysplastic, and Carcinomatous Alterations in Nickel Workers.- References.- 6.10 Stomach: The Application of Morphometry in Gastric Cytological Diagnosis.- References.- 6.11 Bladder: Selection of Patients with Papillary T1 Tumours with a Poor Prognosis.- References.- 6.12 Thyroid: Morphometry for the Pre-operative Diagnosis of Follicular Adenoma and Carcinoma.- References.- 6.13 Central Nervous System: Grading of Astrocytomas Using Quantitative Microscopic Features.- References.- 6.14 Bone Tumours.- References.- 6.15 Spleen: Prediction of Spleen Involvement in Hodgkin’s Disease.- References.- 6.16 Lymphomas: Morphometric Analysis of Large Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas.- References.- 6.17 Cutaneous Lymphomas: The Importance of Morphometry in the Diagnosis of Mycosis Fungoides and Sezary’s Syndrome.- References.- 6.18 Breast Lesions: Morphometry of Cytodiagnosis.- References.- 6.19 Breast Cancer: Correlation of Oestrogen Receptor and Morphometric Features.- References.- 6.20 Breast Cancer: Prediction of the Prognosis.- References.- 7 Applications of Morphometry in Non-tumour Pathology.- 7.1 Small Intestine: Morphometry of Biopsies for the Diagnosis of Food Allergy.- 7.2 Large Bowel: Differential Diagnosis of Inflammatory Diseases with Morphometry and Immunohistochemistry.- References.- 7.3 Pancreas: Island Volume in Diabetics and Controls.- References.- 7.4 Pancreas: Morphometric Evaluation of Cystic Fibrosis.- References.- 7.5 Placenta Morphometry.- References.- 7.6 Testis: Seminiferous Tubule Hypercurvature Syndrome.- References.- 7.7 Testis: Value of Morphometry in Predicting the Prognosis.- References.- 7.8 Kidney Morphometry.- References.- 7.9 Liver Morphometry.- References.- 7.10 Lung: Histomorphometry.- References.- 7.11 Bone Morphometry.- References.- 7.12 Muscle: Morphometric Analysis of Biopsies.- References.- III: Technical Aspects.- Addendum 1: Equipment for Quantitative Microscopy.- A.1.1 Introduction.- A.1.2 Description of Equipment.- A.1.3 Point Counting Equipment.- A.1.4 Graphic Tablets.- A.1.5 More Complicated Systems.- A.1.6 Photometry Microscopes.- A.1.7 TV Scanners.- A.1.8 Flow Cytophotometry.- Addendum 2: Practical Morphometry.- A.2.1 Stereology.- A.2.1.1 Introduction.- A.2.1.2 How Many Points Should be Counted?.- A.2.1.3 Optimizing the Efficiency of Point Counting.- A.2.2 Planimetry with a Graphic Tablet.- A.2.3 Morphometry of the Endometrium.- A.2.4 Morphometry of the Ovary.- A.2.5 Morphometry of the Nasal Mucosa.- A.2.6 Morphometry of the Thyroid.- A.2.7 Morphometry of the Spleen.- A.2.8 Morphometry of Large Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas.- A.2.9 Morphometry of Breast Cancer.- A.2.9.1 Cytology.- A.2.9.2 Histology.- A.2.10 Morphometry of the Small Intestine.- A.2.11 Morphometry of the Large Intestine.- A.2.12 Morphometry of the Pancreas.- A.2.13 Morphometry of the Placenta.- A.2.13.1 Material.- A.2.13.2 Techniques.- A.2.14 Morphometry of the Testis.- A.2.15 Morphometry of the Kidney.- A.2.16 Morphometry of the Liver.- A.2.16.1 Ultrastructural Liver Morphometry.- A.2.16.2 Morphometry in Fulminant Livercell Insufficiency.- A.2.16.3 Morphometry of Chronic Persistent Hepatitis.- A.2.17 Practice of Morphometry of the Whole Lung.- A.2.18 Bone Morphometry.- References.- Addendum 3: Test Grids.- Addendum 4: Glossary.- Addendum 5: Recommended Books and Journals; Companies for Image Analysis Equipment.- Author Index.