A History of Modern Psychology

ISBN-13: 9781119770732 / Angielski / Miękka / 2022 / 592 str.

C. James Goodwin

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TABLE OF CONTENTCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCING PSYCHOLOGY'S HISTORYPreview and Chapter ObjectivesWhy Take This Course?Why Study History?Why Study Psychology's History?Key Issues in Psychology's HistoryPresentism versus HistoricismInternal versus External HistoryPersonalistic versus Naturalistic HistoryClose-Up: Edwin G. Boring (1886-1968)This Book's Point of ViewHistoriography: Doing and Writing HistorySources of Historical DataProblems with the Writing of HistoryData Selection ProblemsInterpretation ProblemsApproaching Historical TruthConclusionSummaryStudy QuestionsCHAPTER 2 THE PHILOSOPHICAL CONTEXTPreview and Chapter ObjectivesA Long PastRené Descartes (1596-1650): The Beginnings of Modern Philosophy and ScienceDescartes and the Rationalist ArgumentThe Cartesian SystemDescartes on the Reflex and Mind-Body InteractionThe British Empiricist Argument and the AssociationistsJohn Locke (1632-1704): The Origins of British EmpiricismLocke on Human UnderstandingLocke on EducationGeorge Berkeley (1685-1753): Empiricism Applied to VisionBritish AssociationismDavid Hume (1711-1776): The Rules of AssociationDavid Hartley (1705-1757): A Physiological AssociationismClose-Up: Raising a PhilosopherJohn Stuart Mill (1806-1873): On the Verge of Psychological ScienceMill's PsychologyMill's LogicRationalist Responses to EmpiricismGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716)Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)Philosophical Perspective of Psychology in Other Parts of the WorldIn Perspective: Philosophical FoundationsSummaryStudy QuestionsCHAPTER 3 THE SCIENTIFIC CONTEXTPreview and Chapter ObjectivesHeroic Science in the Age of EnlightenmentFunctioning of the Nervous SystemReflex ActionThe Bell-Magendie LawThe Specific Energies of NervesHelmholtz: The Physiologist's PhysiologistMeasuring the Speed of Neural ImpulsesHelmholtz on Vision and AuditionHelmholtz and the Problem of PerceptionLocalization of Brain FunctionThe Phrenology of Gall and SpurzheimClose-Up: The Marketing of PhrenologyFlourens and the Method of AblationThe Clinical MethodThe Remarkable Phineas GageBroca and the Speech CenterMapping the Brain: Electrical StimulationNervous System StructureNeuron TheorySir Charles Sherrington: The SynapseScientific Approaches Outside the USIn Perspective: The Nervous System and BehaviorSummaryStudy QuestionsCHAPTER 4 WUNDT AND GERMAN PSYCHOLOGYPreview and Chapter ObjectivesAn Education in GermanyOn the Threshold of Experimental Psychology: PsychophysicsJohann Herbart (1776-1841)Ernst Weber (1795-1878)Two-Point ThresholdsWeber's LawGustav Fechner (1801-1889)Fechner's Elements of PsychophysicsWundt Establishes a New Psychology at LeipzigWilhelm Wundt (1832-1920): Creating a New ScienceWundt's Conception of the New PsychologyStudying Immediate Conscious ExperienceStudying Higher Mental ProcessesInside Wundt's LaboratorySensation and PerceptionMental ChronometryClose-Up: An American in LeipzigRewriting History: The New and Improved Wilhelm WundtThe Source of the ProblemThe Rediscovery of WundtThe Real WundtThe Wundtian LegacyThe New Psychology SpreadsHermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909): The Experimental Study of MemoryThe Ebbinghaus Forgetting CurveOther Contributions by EbbinghausG. E. Müller (1850-1934): The Experimentalist PrototypeOswald Külpe (1862-1915): The Würzburg SchoolMental Sets and Imageless ThoughtsRelevance of Wundt's Contributions Outside the Western WorldIn Perspective: A New ScienceSummaryStudy QuestionsCHAPTER 5 DARWIN'S CENTURY: EVOLUTIONARY THINKINGPreview and Chapter ObjectivesThe Species ProblemCharles Darwin (1809-1882) and the Theory of EvolutionThe Shaping of a NaturalistThe Voyage of the BeagleDarwin the GeologistDarwin the ZoologistThe Galapagos IslandsThe Evolution of Darwin's TheoryDarwin's DelayElements of the Theory of EvolutionAfter the Origin of SpeciesDarwin and Psychology's HistoryThe Origins of Comparative PsychologyDarwin on the Evolution of Emotional ExpressionsClose-Up: Douglas Spalding and the Experimental Study of InstinctGeorge Romanes (1848-1894) and the Anecdotal MethodConwy Lloyd Morgan (1852-1936) and his "Canon"Studying Individual DifferencesFrancis Galton (1822-1911): Jack of All SciencesThe Nature of IntelligenceThe Anthropometric LaboratoryInvestigating Imagery and AssociationGlobal Acceptability of Darwin's Principles and Their Impact on Psychological ThinkingIn Perspective: Darwin's CenturySummaryStudy QuestionsCHAPTER 6 AMERICAN PIONEERSPreview and Chapter ObjectivesPsychology in 19th-Century AmericaFaculty PsychologyAmerican Psychology's First TextbookThe Modern UniversityEducation for Women and Minorities:International Scenario in BriefEducation of Women: Issues and NarrativesWilliam James (1842-1910): The First of the "New" Psychologists in AmericaThe Formative YearsA Life at HarvardCreating American Psychology's Most Famous TextbookOn MethodologyConsciousnessHabitEmotionJames's Later YearsSpiritualismSumming Up William JamesG. Stanley Hall (1844-1924): Professionalizing the New PsychologyHall's Early Life and EducationFrom Johns Hopkins to ClarkPsychology at ClarkClose-Up: Creating Maze LearningHall and Developmental PsychologyHall and PsychoanalysisMary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930): Challenging the Male MonopolyCalkins's Life and WorkGraduate Education for FemalesCalkins's Research on AssociationFrom Psychology to PhilosophyOther American Women Pioneers: Untold LivesChristine Ladd-Franklin (1847-1930)Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939)Other Pioneers: Ladd and BaldwinGeorge Trumbull Ladd (1842-1921)James Mark Baldwin (1861-1934)In Perspective: The New Psychology at the MillenniumSummaryStudy QuestionsCHAPTER 7 CLASSICAL ORIENTATION OF STRUCTURALISM AND FUNCTIONALISMPreview and Chapter ObjectivesIntroductionTitchener's Psychology: StructuralismFrom Oxford to Leipzig to CornellPromoting Experimental Psychology at CornellThe ManualsThe ExperimentalistsTitchener's Structuralist SystemClose-Up: The Introspective HabitThe Structural Elements of Human Conscious ExperienceEvaluating Titchener's Contributions to PsychologyAmerica's Psychology: FunctionalismThe Chicago FunctionalistsJohn Dewey (1859-1952): The Reflex ArcJames R. Angell (1869-1949): The Province of Functional PsychologyHarvey Carr (1873-1954): The Maturing of FunctionalismThe Columbia FunctionalistsJames McKeen Cattell (1860-1944): An American GaltonEdward L. Thorndike (1874-1949): Cats in Puzzle BoxesRobert S. Woodworth (1869-1962): A Dynamic PsychologyThe Desire for ApplicationThe Mental Testing MovementAlfred Binet (1857-1911): The Birth of Modern Intelligence TestingThe Binet-Simon ScalesHenry H. Goddard (1866-1957): Binet's Test Comes to AmericaThe KallikaksGoddard and the ImmigrantsLewis M. Terman (1877-1956): Institutionalizing IQThe Stanford-Binet IQ TestTerman Studies the GiftedClose-Up: Leta Hollingworth: Advocating for Gifted Children and Debunking Myths about WomenRobert M. Yerkes (1876-1956): The Army Testing ProgramArmy Alpha and Army BetaThe Controversy over IntelligenceApplying Psychology to BusinessHugo Münsterberg (1863-1916): The Diversity of Applied PsychologyMünsterberg and Employee SelectionApplied Psychology in Europe--PsychotechnicsGlobal Industrial PsychologistsGlobal Status of Applied PsychologyIn Perspective: How Structuralism and Functionalism have Impacted the Study of PsychologySummaryStudy QuestionsCHAPTER 8 GESTALT PSYCHOLOGYPreview and Chapter ObjectivesThe Origins and Early Development of Gestalt PsychologyMax Wertheimer (1880-1943): Founding Gestalt PsychologyKoffka (1886-1941) and Köhler (1887-1967): CofoundersClose-Up: A Case of Espionage?Gestalt Psychology and PerceptionPrinciples of Perceptual OrganizationBehavioral versus Geographic EnvironmentsThe Gestalt Approach to Cognition and LearningKöhler on Insight in ApesWertheimer on Productive ThinkingOther Gestalt Research on CognitionKurt Lewin (1890-1947): Expanding the Gestalt VisionEarly Life and CareerField TheoryThe Zeigarnik EffectLewin as Developmental PsychologistLewin as Social PsychologistAction ResearchEvaluating LewinIn Perspective: Impact of Gestalt PsychologyGestalt Psychology in AmericaGestalt Psychology and its Global ImpactSummaryStudy QuestionsCHAPTER 9 SITUATING BEHAVIORISM IN THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGYPreview and Chapter ObjectivesIntroductionBehaviorism's AntecedentsPavlov's Life and WorkThe Development of a PhysiologistWorking in Pavlov's Laboratory--The Physiology FactoryPavlov's Classical Conditioning ResearchConditioning and ExtinctionGeneralization and DifferentiationExperimental NeurosisA Program of ResearchPavlov and the SovietsPavlov and the AmericansClose-Up: Misportraying Pavlov's Apparatus: Its Implications for Collective SocietiesJohn B. Watson and the Founding of BehaviorismThe Young Functionalist at ChicagoThe Watson-Carr Maze StudiesOpportunity Knocks at Johns HopkinsWatson and Animal BehaviorWatson's Behaviorist ManifestoWatson's APA Presidential AddressStudying Emotional DevelopmentThe Zenith and the Nadir of a Career: Little AlbertA New Life in AdvertisingPopularizing BehaviorismEvaluating Watsonian BehaviorismPost-Watsonian BehaviorismLogical Positivism and OperationismNeobehaviorismEdwin R. Guthrie (1886-1959): Contiguity, Contiguity, ContiguityOne-Trial LearningEvaluating GuthrieEdward C. Tolman (1886-1959): A Purposive BehaviorismTolman's SystemMolar versus Molecular BehaviorGoal-DirectednessIntervening VariablesTolman's Research ProgramLatent LearningCognitive MapsEvaluating TolmanClark Hull (1884-1952): A Hypothetico-Deductive SystemHull's SystemPostulate 4: Habit StrengthReaction PotentialEvaluating HullB. F. Skinner (1904-1990): A Radical BehaviorismThe Experimental Analysis of BehaviorOperant Conditioning: A PrimerSkinner and TheorySkinner and the Problem of ExplanationA Technology of BehaviorClose-Up: The IQ Zoo and the "Misbehavior of Organisms"Evaluating SkinnerIn Perspective: Behaviorism's Origins and Its ImpactNeobehaviorismSummaryStudyCHAPTER 10 CLINICAL APPROACHES TO PSYCHOLOGYPreview and Chapter ObjectivesIntroductionEarly Treatment of the Mentally Ill"Enlightened" Reform: Pinel, Tuke, RushThe 19th-Century Asylum MovementReforming Asylums: Dix and BeersClose-Up: Diagnosing Mental IllnessMesmerism and HypnosisMesmerism and Animal MagnetismFrom Mesmerism to HypnosisThe Hypnotism ControversiesSigmund Freud (1856-1939): Founding PsychoanalysisEarly Life and EducationBreuer and the Catharsis MethodCreating PsychoanalysisThe Importance of SexPsychoanalysis Enters the 20th CenturyThe Evolution of Psychoanalytic TheoryFreud's Followers: Loyalty and DissentPsychoanalysis Centers Across The WorldWell-Known Societies and Institutes Established Outside USAThe Medical Approach to Mental IllnessA Shock to the System: Fever, Insulin, Metrazol, and ElectricityClose-Up: Shell ShockNo Reversal: Lobotomy, Transorbital and OtherwiseClinical Psychology before World War IILightner Witmer (1867-1956): Creating Psychology's First ClinicClinical Psychology Between the World WarsThe Emergence of Modern Clinical PsychologyThe Boulder ModelThe Eysenck Study: Problems for PsychotherapyBehavior TherapyThe Humanistic Approach to PsychotherapyAbraham Maslow and the Goal of Self-ActualizationCarl Rogers and Client-Centered TherapyEvaluating Humanistic PsychologyThe Vail Conference and the PsyD DegreePsychology and the World of Business and IndustryThe Hawthorne StudiesIn Perspective: Mental Illness and Practice of PsychologyTreating Mental IllnessPsychology Practice Across the WorldGlobal Importance of Psychology as a SubjectSummaryStudy QuestionsCHAPTER 11 PSYCHOLOGY'S RESEARCHERS AROUND THE WORLDPreview and Chapter ObjectivesCognitive Psychology Arrives (Again)The Roots of Modern Cognitive PsychologyJean Piaget (1896-1980): A Genetic EpistemologyFrederick C. Bartlett (1886-1969): Constructing MemoryA Convergence of InfluencesInfluences within PsychologyInfluences External to PsychologyClose-Up: What Revolution?Magical Numbers, Selective Filters, and TOTE UnitsNeisser and the "Naming" of Cognitive PsychologyThe Evolution of Cognitive PsychologyEvaluating Cognitive PsychologyOther Research AreasThe Brain and BehaviorKarl Lashley (1890-1958)Donald O. Hebb (1904-1985)The Psychology of PerceptionJames J. Gibson (1904-1979)Eleanor Gibson (1910-2002)Social PsychologyLeon Festinger (1919-1989)Stanley Milgram (1933-1984)Personality PsychologyHenry Murray (1893-1988)Gordon Allport (1897-1967)Researchers Around the World and Their ContributionGerard Hendrik HofstedeDurganand SinhaJohn W. BerryIn Perspective: Psychology's ResearchersSummaryStudy QuestionsCHAPTER 12PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURYPreview and Chapter ObjectivesResearchers and PractitionersThe Growth and Diversity of PsychologyWomen in Psychology's HistoryMinorities in Psychology's HistoryTrends in Modern PsychologyThe Future: Psychology or Psychologies?Global Importance of Psychology as a SubjectSummaryStudy QuestionsREFERENCESGLOSSARYINDEXTIMELINES