Nano-Optics

ISBN-13: 9783540418290 / Angielski / Twarda / 2002 / 324 str.

Satoshi Kawata; Motoici Ohtsu; Masahiro Irie

Opis

A presentation of the most advanced application of optical near-field microscopy to studies of fine metallic structures and related surface plasmons.

Spis treści

1 Quantum Theory for Near-Field Nano-Optics.- 1.1 Resonant Near-Field Optics.- 1.1.1 Outline of Microscopic Nonlocal Response Theory.- 1.1.2 Resonant SNOM.- 1.1.3 Coupling of Cavity Modes and Matter Excitation.- 1.2 Quantization of Evanescent Waves and Optical Near-Rield Interaction of Atoms.- 1.2.1 State of Vector Fields.- 1.2.2 Radiative Fields Near a Planar Dielectric Surface.- 1.2.3 Detector-Mode Functions and Field Quantization.- 1.2.4 Multipole Radiation near a Dielectric Surface.- 1.2.5 Spontaneous Radiative Lifetime in an Optical Near-Field.- 1.3 Quantum Mechanical Aspects of Optical Near-Field Problems.- 1.3.1 Properties of Near-Field Optical Interactions.- 1.3.2 Observations and Transport Properties in the Near-Field.- 1.3.3 Local Mode Descriptions and Compatibility with Macroscopic Descriptions.- References.- 2 Electromagnetism Theory and Analysis for Near-Field Nano-Optics.- 2.1 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Analysis of a Near-Field Microscope System.- 2.1.1 Near-Field Microscope as a Multiple Scattering System.- 2.1.2 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Algorithm for NSOM Imaging.- 2.1.3 NSOM Image Without Effects of Probe—Sample Interaction.- 2.1.4 NSOM Image When the Probe-Sample Interaction is Included.- 2.1.5 Effect of the Probe—Sample Distance on the Generated NSOM Images.- 2.1.6 Dependence of NSOM Image on the Spatial Frequency Content of Sample Surface.- 2.2 Reconstruction of an Optical Image from NSOM Data.- 2.2.1 Necessity for Numerical Inversion of the NSOM System.- 2.2.2 NSOM Image of Dielectric Strips.- 2.2.3 Deconvolution of Dielectric Strips with Nonnegativity Constraint.- 2.2.4 Reconstruction of Metal Strips.- 2.3 Radiation Force Exerted near a Nano-Aperture.- 2.3.1 Radiation Force to Trap a Small Particle.- 2.3.2 Force Distribution Exerted on the Sphere near a Subwavelength Aperture.- 2.3.3 Force Exerted on Two Spheres in the Near Field of a Small Aperture.- References.- 3 High-Resolution and High-Throughput Probes.- 3.1 Excitation of a HE-Plasmon Mode.- 3.1.1 Mode Analysis.- 3.1.2 Edged Probes for Exciting a HE-Plasmon Mode.- 3.2 Multiple-Tapered Probes.- 3.2.1 Double-Tapered Probe.- 3.2.2 Triple-Tapered Probe.- References.- 4 Apertureless Near-Field Probes.- 4.1 Local Plasmon in a Metallic Nanoparticle.- 4.1.1 Local Plasmon Resonance in a Metallic Nanoparticle.- 4.1.2 Local Plasmon Resonance in a Metallic Nanoparticle above a Substrate.- 4.1.3 Optical Sensor Using Colloidal Gold Monolayers.- 4.1.4 Gold Nanoparticle Probe.- 4.2 Laser-Trapping of a Metallic Particle for a Near-Field Microscope Probe.- 4.2.1 Mechanism of Laser Trapping.- 4.2.2 Laser Trapping of a Probe for NSOM.- 4.2.3 Experimental Setup.- 4.2.4 Feedback Stabilization of a Particle.- 4.2.5 Experimental Results.- 4.3 Near-Field Enhancement at a Metallic Probe.- 4.3.1 Field Enhancement at the Tip.- 4.3.2 Near-Field Raman Spectroscopy.- 4.4 Scattering Near-Field Optical Microscope with a Microcavity.- 4.4.1 Resonant Microcavity Probe.- 4.4.2 FDTD Simulation of a Resonant Microcavity Probe.- 4.4.3 Fabrication of a “Resonant Microcavity Probe”.- 4.4.4 Observation of a Vacuum-Evaporated Gold Film.- References.- 5 Integrated and Functional Probes.- 5.1 Micromachined Probes.- 5.1.1 Fabrication of a Miniature Aperture.- 5.1.2 Throughput Measurement.- 5.1.3 Fabrication of an Aperture Having a Metal Nanowire at the Center.- 5.1.4 Imaging with a Fabricated Aperture Probe.- 5.2 Light Detection from Force.- 5.2.1 Method of Measuring Optical Near-Field Using Force.- 5.2.2 Imaging Properties.- 5.3 High Efficiency Light Transmission Through a Nano-Waveguide.- 5.3.1 Low-Dimensional Optical Wave and Negative Dielectric.- 5.3.2 One-Dimensional Optical Waveguides.- 5.3.3 Negative-Dielectric Pin and Hole.- 5.3.4 Negative-Dielectric Tube.- 5.3.5 Lossy Waveguides and Applications.- References.- 6 High-Density Optical Memory and Ultrafine Photofabrication.- 6.1 Photochromic Memory Media.- 6.2 Near-Field Optical Memory.- 6.2.1 Diarylethenes.- 6.2.2 Perinaphthothioindigo.- 6.3 Future Prospects for Near-Field Optical Memory.- 6.4 Nanofabrication: Chemical Vapor Deposition.- 6.5 Nanofabrication: Organic Film.- References.- 7 Near-Field Imaging of Molecules and Thin Films.- 7.1 Near-Field Imaging of Molecules and Thin Films.- 7.1.1 Preparation of Organic Thin Films.- 7.1.2 Control of Tip—Sample Separation.- 7.1.3 Various Modes of Observations.- 7.1.4 Optical Recording on Organic Thin Films.- 7.2 Two-Dimensional Morphology of Ultrathin Polymer Films.- 7.2.1 Materials, Preparation of Films, and Apparatus.- 7.2.2 Observation of Two-Dimensional Morphology.- 7.2.3 Conclusion.- 7.3 Observation of Polyethylene (PE) Crystals.- 7.3.1 AFM and NSOM Observation of PE Single Crystals.- 7.3.2 AFM and NSOM Observation of Melt-Crystallized PE Thin Films.- 7.3.3 Conclusions.- 7.4 Preparation of Micrometer-Sized Chromophore Aggregates.- 7.4.1 Control of Aggregation.- 7.4.2 Mesoscopic Patterns.- 7.4.3 Mechanism of Pattern Formation.- 7.4.4 Chromophore-Containing Mesoscopic Patterns.- 7.4.5 Azobenzene-Containing Polyion Complex.- 7.4.6 Mesoscopic Line Pattern of Poly(hexylthiophene).- 7.5 Application to Electrochemical Research.- 7.5.1 Fabrication of an Aluminum Nanoelectrode SNOM Probe to Stimulate Electroluminescent (EL) Polymers.- 7.5.2 Integration of STM with SNOM Microscopy by Fabricating Original Chemically Etched Conducting Hybrid Probes.- 7.5.3 Development of a New Type of AFM/SNOM Integrated System.- 7.5.4 Biological Applications.- 7.6 Second-Harmonic Generation in Near-Field Optics.- 7.6.1 Materials and Apparatus.- 7.6.2 SHG Observation.- 7.6.3 Conclusion.- References.- 8 Near-Field Microscopy for Biomolecular Systems.- 8.1 Near-Field Imaging of Human Chromosomes and Single DNA Molecules.- 8.1.1 SNOAM System.- 8.1.2 SNOAM Imaging of Human Chromosomes [19].- 8.1.3 SNOAM Imaging of a Single DNA Molecule [20].- 8.2 Imaging of Biological Molecules.- 8.2.1 Myosin-Actin Motors.- 8.2.2 Membrane Receptors.- 8.2.3 ATP Synthase.- 8.3 Cell and Cellular Functions.- 8.3.1 Near-Field Fluorescent Microscopy of Living Cells.- 8.3.2 Dynamics of Cell Membranes.- 8.3.3 Near-Field Imaging of Neuronal Cell and Transmitter.- References.- 9 Near-Field Imaging of Quantum Devices and Photonic Structures.- 9.1 Spectroscopy of Quantum Devices and Structures.- 9.1.1 Near-Field Microscopy with a Solid-Immersion Lens.- 9.1.2 Solid-Immersion Microscopy of GaAs Nanostructures.- 9.1.3 Time-Resolved Spectroscopy of Single Quantum Dots Using NSOM.- 9.2 Observation of Polysilane by Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscope in the Ultraviolet (UV) Region.- 9.2.1 Morphologies and Quantum Size Effects of Single InAs Quantum Dots Studied by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy/Spectroscopy.- 9.2.2 Photonic Structures Consisting of Dielectric Spheres.- 9.2.3 Interaction of a Near-Field Light with Two-Dimensionally Ordered Spheres.- 9.2.4 Photonic-Band Effect on Near-Field Optical Images of 2-D Sphere Arrays.- 9.3 Near-Field Photon Tunneling.- 9.3.1 What is Photon Tunneling?.- 9.3.2 Resonant Photon Tunneling Through a Photonic Double-Barrier Structure.- 9.3.3 Resonant Photon Tunneling Mediated by a Photonic Dot.- 9.3.4 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 10 Other Imaging and Applications.- 10.1 Birefringent Imaging with an Illumination-Mode Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscope.- 10.1.1 Principle.- 10.1.2 Apparatus.- 10.1.3 System Performance.- 10.1.4 Observation of Sample.- 10.1.5 Conclusion.- 10.2 Plain-Type Low-Temperature NSOM System.- 10.2.1 Experimental Setup.- 10.2.2 Results and Discussion.- 10.2.3 Conclusion.- 10.3 STM-Induced Luminescence.- 10.3.1 Theoretical Model.- 10.3.2 Experimental Method.- 10.3.3 Results.- 10.3.4 Conclusion.- 10.4 Energy Modulation of Electrons with Evanescent Waves.- 10.4.1 Sensing an Optical Near-Field with Electrons.- 10.4.2 Metal Microslit.- 10.4.3 Experiment.- 10.4.4 Conclusion.- 10.5 Manipulation of Particles by Photon Force.- 10.5.1 Method.- 10.5.2 Experiments.- 10.5.3 Conclusion.- References.

O autorze

Masahiro Irie received his B.S. and M.S. degrees from Kyoto University and his Ph.D. degree in radiation chemistry from Osaka University. He started his research on photochemistry at Hokkaido University in 1970 and went on to Osaka University. In 1988 he was appointed to Professor at Kyushu University, where he initiated the study of photochromic diarylethene derivatives. He is currently interested in developing single-crystalline photochromism and single-molecule photochemistry using diarylethene derivatives. Motoiochi Ohtsu was appointed a Research Associate, an Associate professor, a Professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. From 1986 to 1987, while on leave from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, he joined the Crawford Hill Laboratory, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, NJ. In 2004, he moved to the University of Tokyo as a professor. He has written over 417 papers and received 87 patents. He is the author, co-author, and editor of 55 books, including 22 in English. In 2000, he was appointed as the President of the Tokyo Chapter, LEOS, IEEE. From 2000, He is an executive director of the Japan Society of Applied Physics. His main field of interests is nanophotonics.He is a Fellow of the Optical Society of America, and a Fellow of the Japan Society of Applied Physics. He is also a Tandem Member of the Science Council of Japan. Awards: 14 prizes from academic institutions, including the Distinguished Achievement Award from the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineering of Japan in 2007, the Julius Springer Prize for Applied Physics in 2009.

Blurb

When a photon meets a nanostructure, many interesting phenomena occur. This book aims at developing the theories and the applications of photon interactions with nanostructures. The contributors were all participants in the well-known Japanese national research project, "Near-Field Nano-Optics", which ran from 1997 to 2000. The book covers a wide range of disciplines in nano-optics, including the theoretical development of imaging-contrast mechanisms as a result of photon and nanomatter interactions, and discussions on different near-field nanoprobes. Applications of nano-optics to sensing, imaging, analysis, and the fabrication of nanostructures, such as molecules and quantum devices, are also discussed, with a collection of experimental examples.