A History of Astronomy: From 1890 to the Present

ISBN-13: 9783540199151 / Angielski / Miękka / 1995 / 388 str.

David Leverington

Opis

Why start at 1890? That year marked one of the most significant dates in the history of the multidimensional story that is the history of astronomy. It was the year in which the Draper Memorial Catalogue of Stellar spectra was published - a publication that provided essential data for an understanding of stellar spectra well into the twentieth century. It's also slightly over a hundred years ago. This is a long enough span of time for any one book on this subject to cover, but sufficient to chart the progress of astronomy from a time when Newtonian physics reigned supreme, photography was in its infancy, and radio astronomy was decades in the future. Paradoxically, the theories of Einstein, Planck and Heisenberg, along with modern radio, X-ray, and space-borne telescopes mean that the cosmos seems to hold more mysteries today than it did a hundred years ago. Any reader with a basic knowledge of astronomy will find this book quite fascinating. Academics, historians, and others who need a definitive history of the major events and characters that influenced the growth of astronomy.

Spis treści

1 • The Sun.- Early Work.- The Temperature of the Sun and its Generation of Energy.- The Corona.- Sunspots and the Disturbed Sun.- The Quiet Sun and the Interplanetary Plasma.- The Solar Constant.- The Solar Spectrum.- 2 • The Moon.- Early Work.- The Surface.- The Origin and Subsequent History of the Moon.- 3 • The Origin of the Solar System.- Early Theories.- Collisions and Close Encounters.- Condensing Nebulae Re-examined.- 4 • The Terrestrial Planets.- Mercury.- Venus.- The Earth.- Mars.- 5 • The Gas Giants.- Jupiter.- Saturn.- Uranus.- Neptune.- 6 • Small Bodies of the Solar System.- Pluto.- The Asteroids.- Comets.- Meteorites.- 7 • Stellar Evolution and Stellar Structures.- Early Work.- The Luminosity of Stars.- The Harvard Classification.- Initial Evolutionary Ideas.- Ionisation and the Abundance of Hydrogen in Stellar Atmospheres.- The Surface Temperature of Stars.- The Internal Structure of Stars.- The Source of Energy in Stars.- The MKK and BCD Classification Systems.- Later Evolutionary Ideas.- Stellar Populations.- 8 • Variable and Double Stars.- Early Work.- Short Period Variables.- Long Period Variables.- Irregular Variables.- Flare Stars.- Eclipsing Binaries.- Non-Eclipsing Binaries.- 9 • Young Stars, Old Stars and Stellar Explosions.- Young Stars.- Pulsars.- Novae and Supernovae.- Black Holes.- 10 • The Milky Way.- Early Work.- Dimensions and Structure.- The Interstellar Medium.- Nebulae in the Milky Way.- 11 • Galaxies.- The Nature and Distance of Spiral Nebulae.- Red Shifts.- Quasars.- Dwarf Galaxies.- Galactic Evolution.- 12 • Cosmology.- Early Cosmological Theories.- Revisions to the Hubble Constant.- The Microwave Background Radiation.- The Missing Mass.- 13 • Optical Telescopes and Observatories.- Early Telescopes.- Early Observatories.- The Transition to Reflectors.- The Harvard College Observatory.- Mount Wilson.- Palomar Mountain and the 200 inch.- Schmidt Telescopes.- South Africa.- KittPeak.- The Multi-Mirror Telescope.- Mauna Kea.- LaPalma.- The Anglo-Australian Observatory.- The European Southern Observatory.- 14 • Tools and Techniques.- Photography.- Spectroscopy.- Photometry.- Other Tools and Techniques.- 15 • Radio Astronomy.- Early Radio Astronomy.- Radio Telescopes.- 16 • Space Research.- Results from Early Sounding Rockets.- Sputniks and the Formation of NASA.- The Race to the Moon.- Early Solar Plasma Research.- Missions to the Terrestrial Planets.- Pioneers 10 and 11.- Voyagers 1 and 2.- The Halley Intercepts.- Orbital Observatories.- 17 • Modern Astronomy in Context.- 1890–1914.- 1914–1939.- 1939–1970.- 1970 to the Present.- References and Further Reading.- Units.- General Abbreviations Used.- The Greek Alphabet.- Name Index.