Right Turn: William Bradford Reynolds, the Reagan Administration, and Black Civil Rights

ISBN-13: 9781560002574 / Angielski / Twarda / 1996 / 510 str.

Wolters, Raymond

Opis

In the spirit of the time, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 called for nondiscrimination for American citizens, seeking equality without regard for race, color, or creed. After the mid-1960s, to make amends for wrongs of the past, some people called for benign discrimination to give blacks a special boost. In business and government this could be accomplished through racial preferences or quotas; in public education, by considering race when assigning students to schools. By 1980 this course reached a crossroads.Raymond Wolters maintains that Ronald Reagan and William Bradford Reynolds made the "right turn" when they questioned and limited the use of racial considerations in drawing electoral boundaries. He also documents the Reagan administration's considerable success in reinforcing within the country, and reviving within the judiciary, the conviction that every person black or white should be considered an individual with unique talents and inalienable rights.This book begins with a biographical chapter on William Bradford Reynolds, the Assistant Attorney General who was the principal architect of Reagan's civil rights policies. It then analyzes three main civil rights issues: voting rights, affirmative action, and school desegregation. Wolters describes specific cases: at-large elections and minority vote dilutions; congressional districting in New Orleans; legislative districting in North Carolina; the debates over the Civil Rights Act of 1964; social science critiques of affirmative action; the question of quotas; and school desegregation and forced busing.Because Ronald Reagan and William Bradford Reynolds were men of the right, and because most journalists and historians are on the left, Wolters feels the "people of words" have dealt harshly with the Reagan administration. In writing this book, he hopes to correct the record on a subject that has been badly represented. Wolters points out that, beginning in the 1980s and continuing in the 1990s, the Supreme Court endorsed the legal arguments that Reagan's lawyers developed in the fields of voting rights, affirmative action, and school desegregation. In Right Turn, Wolters responds to those who claimed that Reagan and Reynolds were racists who wanted to turn back the clock on civil rights, and he describes civil rights cases and controversies in a way that is comprehensible to general readers as well as to lawyers and historians.

Spis treści

Acknowledgments
Introduction
Part I: Voting Rights
Introduction to Part I
1. Preclearance
2. At-Large Elections, Minority Vote Dilution, and the Results Test
3. The Debate Over the Revised Section 2
4. Six Cases
5. Congressional Districting in New Orleans
6. Legislative Districting in North Carolina
7. Conclusion to Part I
Part II: Affirmative Action
Introduction to Part II
8. The Civil Rights Act, 1964
9. The Social Science Critique of Affirmative Action
10. Charting a New Course
11. False Dawn
12. The Nadir
13. Endgame
14. Conclusion to Part II
Part III: School Desegregation
Introduction to Part III
15. From Brown to Busing
16. Coercion or Choice
17. Breaking Away
18. Shaping a New Policy
19. Gold Plated Desegregation
20. Light at the End of the Tunnel?
21. Conclusion to Part III
Appendix: The Bob Jones Case
Index

O autorze

Raymond Wolters