Endemic Cretinism

ISBN-13: 9781461402800 / Angielski / Twarda / 2011 / 215 str.

John Dennison; Charles Oxnard; Peter Obendorf

Opis

Responding to a renewed interest in the growing problem of iodine deficiency worldwide, Drs. Charles Oxnard and Peter Obendorf, along with experienced translator and anatomist John Dennison, take a fresh look at the classic text, Der endemische Kretinismus, published in 1936 by Springer. Translated here for the first time into English, this landmark text will be a welcome resource for researchers confronting the problem of iodine deficiency. Oxnard and Obendorf point out that there is very little detailed knowledge or numerical data on cretinism available in the English-speaking world. In addition, highly-renowned Professor Basil S. Hetzel, recently-retired World Health Organization Chairman of the International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders, published in 2009 with Dr Chen Zu-pei on the resurgence of iodine deficiency in China. Indeed, throughout the entire developing world there may be as many as two billion people at risk to iodine deficiency; perhaps three quarters of a billion have goiter, and ten million may be cretins. Even in developed countries, iodine deficiency is re-emerging (as in New South Wales in 19% of children) with the result of significantly reduced numbers of gifted children (though this is not cretinism per se). Certain to be of significant interest to a wide range of researchers, health providers and professionals, including government health administrators, this English translation of Endemic Cretinism is a major contribution to the literature.

Recenzje

From the reviews:

"There are still areas in the world in which the population suffers from iodine deficiency, and so this book will be of interest. This volume is the first English translation of the book published in German in 1936. ... Of interest to Public Health workers and endocrinologists." (Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews (PER), Vol. 10 (2), January, 2013)

"This book addresses a re-emerging world problem identified, namely the role of iodine deficiencies on cognitive and other mental dysfunctions. ... This book serves to provide clinical approaches for treatment while also raising public awareness of this sad and growing problem." (The Electric Review, October, 2012)

Spis treści

Introduction 
Chapters
I. Etymology of the word ‘cretin’  (Wegelin) 
II. Definition  (de Quervain)
III. Historical (Wegelin) 
IV. Epidemiology (Wegelin)
 1.  Statistics 
 2.  Geographical distribution
  Europe 
  Asia 
  Australia 
  Africa 
  America 
 3.  Racial affinity
 4.  Relation to endemic goitre
V. Course and clinical pattern of cretinism (de Quervain) 
  Cretinism with and without goitre 
  Grade of cretinism
  Development of cretins
  Deterioration
  Spontaneous recovery
  Influence of endemic goitre on children
 1.  The sexual distribution of cretinism
 2.  The behaviour of physical development 
  Growth in non-goitrous cretins
  Growth in goitrous cretins 
  Development quotient
  a)  The individual  parts of the skeleton 
   Behaviour of the skull
   Cranial capacity 
   Dentition
   Remainder of skeleton 
   Appearance of centres of ossification
   Joints 
   Cretin hips
   Humerus varus 
   Pelvis 
  b)  The skin and its appendages
   Myxœdema 
   Skin shade 
   Dryness of the skin 
   Hair growth 
  c)  The musculature 
  d)  The behaviour of the endocrine glands 
   The thyroid gland 
   Atrophy of the thyroid 
   Cretinous goitre 
   The parathyroid glands
   The sexual glands and the sexual organs 
   Hypophysis 
  e)  The intestinal tract and its glands 
  f)  The blood vascular system 
   Heart 
   Capillary structure 
  g)  The nervous system
   Mobility 
   Neuromuscular system
   Tendon reflexes 
   MacCarrison’s ‘Nervous cretinism’  
   Sense organs    Hearing disorders     
   Speech disorders 
   Autonomic nervous system 
 3.  The intellectual behaviour of cretins 
   Mental debility     
   Intellectual development 
   Acquisitive instinct
   Imitative behaviour 
   Self-awareness 
   Emotions     
   Sociability 
   Gratitude 
   Sexual behaviour     
   Psychological functions in relation to body type 
VI.  Pathological anatomy and histology (Wegelin) 
 1. Thyroid gland 
   Epithelial changes 
   Sclerosis 
   Lymphocyte infiltration 
   Vascularization 
   Regenerative epithelial growth 
   Nodular goitre 
   Malignant epithelial goitr 
   Vascularisation of nodular goitre     
   Functional behaviour of the thyroid gland 
   Diffuse goitre 
   ‘Niduses’ of squamous epithelium 
   Dispersed aggregations of parathyroid cells and remnants of
   the ultimobranchial body 
 2. Parathyroid glands 
 3. Thymus 
 4. Hypophysis 
 5. Pineal gland 
 6. Suprarenal glands 
 7. Gonads 
   A.  Male gonads
   B.  Female gonads 
    Ovaries
    Uterus                Breasts
  8. Nervous system  
    Meninges 
    Brain
    Spinal cord 
    Peripheral nerves 
  9. Musculature 
  10. The skeleton
    General restriction in growth 
    Physical proportions 
    Development
    Bone form relationships 
    Skull 
    Trunk 
    Upper limbs      
    Lower limbs 
 11. Joints 
 12. Teeth 
 13. Skin and subcutaneous tissue 
 14. Ear 
 15. Circulatory system    Heart
    Arteries 
    Capillaries 
 16. Blood, and blood-forming organs 
    Blood
    Bone marrow 
    Lymph glands 
    Spleen 
 17. Respiratory organs 
 18. Digestive organs 
    Tongue      
    Stomach and intestine
    Pancreas 
    Liver 
    Gall bladder 
    Peritoneum 
 19. Urinary system 
 20. Further anatomical findings      
    Malformations
    Blastoma 
    Tuberculosis
    Syphilis
 21. Lifespan and diseases of cretins 
   Average age 
   Causes of death 
 22. Cretinism in animals 
 23. Summary 
VII.  Pathological physiology  (de Quervain) 
   Endemic thyropathy
   Metabolism
   Albumen and salt metabolism     
   Carbohydrate metabolism and basal respiratory metabolism 
   Blood examination 
   Blood clotting 
   Sedimentation rate of red blood cells 
   Dispersion grade of blood albumen bodies     
   Analysis of the individual fractions of albumen bodies in the blood
   by weight determination
   Phagocytic activity of leucocytes
   Ion relationships in the blood 
   Iodine distribution among cretins
   Analysis of the iodine level in the blood
   Testing of thyroid gland function, after Asher-Streuli 
   Functional behaviour of the liver 
   Basedow appearance among cretins 
VIII.  Pathogenesis  (de Quervain and Wegelin) 
   Comparison of cretinism with congenital athyrosis, spontaneous
   myxœdema and postoperative myxœdema     
   Scheme of possible influences of the goitre-noxa  
   Possibility of a dysthyrosis 
   Occurrence of thyroid gland atrophy    Congenital goitre among cretins
   Comparison of the anatomical findings with those
   of congenital athyrosis 
   Dissociation of symptoms 
   Different threshold values of thyroid gland function 
   Heredity 
   Goitre in the mother     
   Geographical dependence of goitre and cretinism 
   Inbreeding
   Significance of local factors 
   Relationship with Status degenerativus
   Question on the occurrence of genotypically-inheritable,
   non-site-dependent diseases due to the goitre-noxa 
   Varying powers of resistance to the goitre-noxa 
   Goitre investigations in twins 
   Question about direct exogenous influence on the embryo 
   Possibility of direct exogenous influence of other endocrine glands
   by the goitre-noxa 
   Nervous cretinism
   Question on the inadequate functioning of the other endocrine glands 
   Occurrence of hearing disorders 
IX.  Prophylaxis and Treatment of Cretinism  (de Quervain) 
   ‘Racial hygiene’     
   Improvement of the hygiene of living conditions 
   Radioactivity of the soil 
   Combating the goitre-noxa by iodine in small doses 
   Prophylaxis through iodised cooking salt     
   Iodine supplement during school age 
   Iodine supplement for the pregnant mother 
   The question of sterilization
   Implantation of thyroid gland tissue 
   Substitution therapy with thyroid gland preparations 
   Iodine treatment 
   Goitre surgery among cretins 
   Goitre and cancer 
References 
Appendix